The formation of host-guest inclusion complex of levofloxacin with b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy in buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 298 K. The experimental results confirmed the existence of 1:1 inclusion complex of levofloxacin with b-CD. The association constant of the b-CD inclusion complex was obtained from the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by the IR and 1 H NMR technique. The complex formation equilibria between Gd(III) ion and levofloxacin were investigated in aqueous solutions without and in the presence of b-cyclodextrin. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the formed complexes are reported, and the concentration distribution of the various complex species has been evaluated as a function of pH. The effect of b-cyclodextrin on dissociation constants, K a , of levofloxacin and stability constants of gadolinium(III)-levofloxacin complexes, b p,q,r , were examined. Furthermore, effect of levofloxacin on the speciation and distribution Gd(III) in human blood plasma was evaluated by computer simulation. Graphical abstract

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