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Recent advances in science and technology radically changed the way we detect, treat and prevent different diseases in all aspects of human life. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, progressive, autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system whose major role is to protect the health by attacking foreign bacteria and viruses are mistakenly, attacking the joints resulting in thickened synovium, pannus formation, & destruction of bone, cartilage. Still now researchers are unable to know the exact cause of this disease. However, it is believed that genes and environmental factors play a role in development of RA. In this review, we discuss the Pathophysiology, predictors, & factors involved in pathogenesis of RA. We also discuss the Conventional therapeutic agents for Rheumatoid Arthritis. More importantly, we extensively discuss the emerging novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) like nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, microspheres, liposomes, and so on as these are the promising tools having successful applications in overcoming the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Although several NDDS have been used for various purposes, liposomes have been focused on due to its potential applications in RA diagnosis and therapy. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic effectiveness and challenges for RA by using these novel drug delivery systems. Finally, we conclude by discussing the future perspectives.

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Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of Raphanus sativus Linn. using Randall Selitto method. Methods: Streptozotocin, lard, casein, cholesterol, DL-methionine, yeast powder, quercetin, thiobarbituric acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid (5, 5, Dithiobis), hematoxylin, and hydrogen peroxide were used. A diet rich in fat content was fed to the animals for a period of 2 weeks. After a stabilization period of 2weeks, the treatment period started and continued for a period of 8weeks. The nociceptive parameters were assessed once a week by Randall Selitto method and hot plate test. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and antioxidant parameters were assessed using sciatic nerve homogenate and histopathological analysis of sciatic nerve. Results: Treatment R. sativus extract (RSE 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) appreciably declined the levels of blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner, and it was comparable with standard quercetin. A significant increase in pain threshold levels was observed by the treatment RSE in hot plate method after the 4th week compared to diabetic control, and it was consistent until the end of treatment (p<0.01, p<0.001). In Randall Selitto method RSE produced a significant increase in paw withdrawal threshold after the 4th week compared to diabetic control, and it was consistently increased until the end of treatment. RSE (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion in comparison with the diabetic control group. RSE (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) attenuated the nerve degeneration and axonal swelling along with quercetin. Conclusion: The findings from the current study showed the antinociceptive and antioxidant effect of R. sativus in neuropathic pain in diabetes.

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