In managing common pool resources; ideally, it was carried out using a co-management approach that facilitated the cooperation, sharing of power, and responsibility among actors. However, this is quite difficult to achieve since each actor competes against each other’s interests. Such cooperation and competition between actors will form a structure of social networks. This study aims to explain the dynamics of the formation of social network structures based on the cooperation and competition among actors in the management of Lake Tempe, a common pool resource crossing Wajo, Soppeng and Sidenreng Rappang Regencies in South Sulawesi Province. This is a qualitative study with explanatory case study approach, using two data collection techniques: participatory observation and in-depth interview with the government, fishermen, businessmen, and NGOs. This study found that the formation process of the social network structure in the management of Lake Tempe is a dynamic interaction among actors, i.e., cooperation in one side and competition on the other side, forming a social networking structure in two types: centrality and heterogeneity network. Network centrality occurs at the level of decision-making, the rules of play, and the allocation of resources, which is dominated by government actors, while heterogeneity network is dominated by communities that are still maintaining social capital such as kinship as well as knowledge and resources sharing. Brokerages, those who link the advantaged groups (local government and big-scale-fisherman/Pallawang) with the disadvantaged (small-scale-fisherman/ Pakkajalalla) do not exist in the management. Although the existence of brokerages is potential, they may also have a conflict of interest, since authorities and economic factors will be their target.

Abstrak Menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi terbentuknya power street level bureaucrats dalam implementasi program Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya bagi Masyarakat Berpenghasilan Rendah (MBR) di Kabupaten Manggarai Timur. Penelitian ini berusaha mengisi kekurangan penelitiaan studi implementasi dari perspektif bottom-up di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan street level bureaucrats menggunakan kekuasaan untuk melakukan diskresi sebagai cara mengatasi permasalah di lapangan. Beberapa alasan memicu street level bureaucrats menggunakan kekuasaannya untuk melakukan diskresi: (1) inkonsistensi Pemerintah Pusat terkait besaran dana yang harus diterima masyarakat (2) dana swadaya mandiri penerima bantuan sangat terbatas (3) minimnya kepemilikan KTP (4) infrastruktur yang kurang memadai (5) dukungan kearifan lokal masyarakat di Manggarai Timur dalam menyelesaikan persoalan. Kata Kunci: Birokrat Garis Depan; Kekuasan; Diskresi Abstract This research employed qualitative methods to uncover the power of street level bureaucrats to implement the Incentive for Low-Income Housing Program in the East Manggarai Regency. This research aims to fill a loopholes of implementation study from a bottom-up perspective in Indonesia. The result indicates that street bureaucrats use power to solve the problem by using discretion. There are a variety of reasons that affect the street level bureaucrats who use this power to implement a discretionary policy; (1) central government's inconsistency in the amount of funds for housing incentive recipients. (2) limited personal funds of housing incentive recipients. (3) lack of identity card ownership (4) inadequate infrastructure (5) support from local wisdom of the Manggarai Timur Regency. Keywords: Street Level Bureaucrats; Power; Discretion

The era of decentralization (autonomization) has begun in Indonesia since 1999. Various public policies have been made to support the implementation of decentralization. Of the many public policies, there are those that have been successfully implemented, but not a few have experienced ineffectiveness to failure. Many studies reveal that social capital is one of the factors that supports the successful implementation of various public policies. However, there is still very little research that looks at the dark side (paradox) of social capital, which contributes to the ineffectiveness of the implementation of a public policy. This paper discusses the paradox of social capital that causes the ineffectiveness of the process of implementing a public policy. The various cases discussed in this paper show that local government as implementing institution face serious obstacles in implementing various public policies, when public policies collide with the values of social capital that are lived and trusted by the local community. The Tanimbar Islands are a small and poor regency in Maluku Province, which also experiences this problematic situation. This situation occurs when the applied public policies clash with reality regarding some forms (manifestations) of social capital found in the community, such as the cultural values of duan lolat, sweri practices, and communal lifestyles in tnyafar. By showing the case of the Tanimbar Islands, we can see the dark side of social capital in the implementation of public policies, which in the future, need to be resolved.