Quercetin has been used in combination with other nutraceutical components to improve renal function. Its development as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low rate of dissolution.Solid dispersion of quercetin with polyvinylpyrrolidoneK30 increased its solubility 13.24 times and the amount dissolved (95.12 + 1.83) % compared to pure quercetin. This study aimed to determine the lethal dose (LD50) of the solid dispersion in mice. The animals were divided into 5 groups, a control group (G1), and treatment groups given quercetin solid dispersions at the doses of 2 (G2), 4(G3), 8(G4), and 16 g/kg (G5), respectively. The observation was conducted for 24 hours, and every day for 14 days if no death was found. Results showed that there was no animal found dead during the first 24 hours. The treatment did not influence the average bodyweight significantly (p>0.05), but it significantly influenced the feeding behavior (p<0.05). The organ weight ratios of heart, liver and renal were not influenced significantly (p>0.05), despite there was a decrease in renal function at doses of 8 and 16 g/kg. In conclusion, the solid dispersion was practically non-toxic with the LD50> 16 g/kg.

Quercetin has been used with other nutraceutical components to improve renal function. Its potential to be developed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low rate of dissolution leading to low bioavailability in rats (< 17%) and in human (1%). Solid dispersion of quercetin with PVP K30 has increased its solubility 13.24 times and the amount dissolved (95.12 ± 1.83%) in comparison to pure quercetin. This study aimed to determine the nephron-protection effect of the solid dispersion on Acute Renal Failure (ARF) mice. The animals were divided into 6 groups, normal mice as a negative control group (G1), ARF induced mice as a positive control group (G2), ARF induced mice given pure quercetin 50 mg/kg BW (G3), ARF induced mice given solid dispersion containing 10 mg/ kg BW (G4), 5 mg/kg BW (G5) and 2.5 mg/kg BW (G6) quercetin respectively. The ARF was induced by injection of gentamycin sulphate 100 mg/kg BW for 7 days consecutively. Renal function was monitored by measuring the serum creatinine at day 8 th. The protection effect was also observed from the histopathology score of the nephrons. Results showed that ARF induction increased serum creatinine above normal. Solid dispersion doses variations significantly influence the serum creatinine (p < 0.05). The stage of renal impairment based on histopathology score was significantly influenced by the doses of quercetin in solid dispersion (p < 0.05). It was concluded that solid dispersion containing quercetin at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ kg BW respectively did not effective as a nephron-protector. The solid dispersion containing quercetin 10.0 mg/kg BW was effective to reduce the serum creatinine and showed a nephronprotection effect on the ARF induced mice.

This study aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction with the quality of pharmaceutical services in the pharmaceutical installation at the Batam City Regional General Hospital. This study uses 5 dimensions of quality (servqual) namely the dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. This research is included in the non-experimental type and cross-sectional approach using simple random sampling method. Data analysis was carried out descriptively by comparing the perceived value and expectation value and then connected with the range value to get the patient satisfaction level. The results of the study showed that the level of patient satisfaction had a significant effect on the quality of pharmaceutical services (p<0.05). The highest level of patient satisfaction was found on the tangible dimension of 0.94, and the lowest patient satisfaction was found on the responsiveness dimension of 0.83. This can be interpreted that the level of patient satisfaction is high with pharmaceutical services at the Pharmacy Installation of the Batam City Regional General Hospital.