Medicare is a publicly funded healthcare system that is a source of national pride in Canada; however, Canadians are increasingly concerned about its performance and sustainability. One proposed solution is private financing (including both private for-profit insurance and private out-of-pocket financing) that would fundamentally change medicare. We investigate international experiences to determine if associations exist between the degree of private spending and two of the core values of medicare – universality and accessibility – as well as the values of equity and quality. We further investigate the impact of private spending on overall health system performance, health outcomes and health expenditure growth rates. Private financing (both private for-profit insurance and private out-of-pocket financing) was found to negatively affect universality, equity, accessibility and quality of care. Increased private financing was not associated with improved health outcomes, nor did it reduce health expenditure growth. Therefore, increased private financing is not the panacea proposed for improving quality or sustainability. The debate over the future of medicare should not be rooted in the source of its funding but rather in the values Canadians deem essential for their healthcare system.
The Induced Productivity Decline Hypothesis: More Physicians, Higher Compensation and Fewer Services has increased but compensation has not kept pace), physicians are experiencing a "reverse wage-productivity gap" whereby compensation is increasing but productivity is decreasing, resulting in more physicians, higher compensation and fewer services. We conclude by discussing potential policy options to address how best to provide timely access to medical care for Canadians while keeping physician healthcare expenditures at sustainable levels. RésuméL'indignation de la population concernant les pénuries de médecins au cours des vingt dernières années a mené à des politiques qui visent à augmenter considérablement l' offre de médecins, mais l' accès reste difficile à atteindre. Dans cet article, nous examinons cette tendance déroutante et les causes qui la sous-tendent en analysant l' offre, la rémunération et la productivité des médecins ainsi que les raisons de la baisse de la productivité. Nous émettons l'hypothèse qu' une rémunération excessive des médecins au-delà d' un revenu cible induit une baisse de la productivité. Contrairement à un écart salaire-productivité pour le travailleur canadien moyen (où la productivité a augmenté mais la rémunération n' a pas suivi le rythme), les médecins connaissent un « écart salaire-productivité inversé » où la rémunération augmente mais la productivité diminue, ce qui entraîne un plus grand nombre de médecins, une rémunération plus élevée et moins de services. Nous concluons en discutant des options politiques permettant de déterminer la meilleure façon de fournir un accès rapide aux soins médicaux pour les Canadiens tout en maintenant les dépenses de santé des médecins à des niveaux durables.
In 1987, the government passed legislation to protect brand-name pharmaceutical firms against competition from generic drug brands in exchange for economic investment in Canadian pharmaceutical research and development (R&D). Since 2002, brand-name pharmaceutical companies' R&D investments have fallen short of their commitment, while Canadians now pay the fourth highest drug prices of all the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries. In this article, we examine the degree to which brand-name pharmaceutical companies have fallen short of their promises, discuss whether a patent policy is the best strategy to secure Canadian pharmaceutical R&D funding and propose practical alternatives to this arrangement. RésuméEn 1987, le gouvernement adoptait une loi pour protéger les entreprises pharmaceutiques de médicaments de marque contre la concurrence des médicaments génériques, en échange d'investissements économiques dans la recherche et le développement (R et D) pharmaceutiques au Canada. Depuis 2002, les investissements en R et D effectués par les sociétés pharmaceutiques de médicaments de marque ont été inférieurs à leurs engagements, alors que le Canada figure en quatrième position des prix les plus élevés pour les médicaments parmi les pays membres de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. Dans cet article, nous examinons dans quelle mesure les sociétés pharmaceutiques de médicaments de marque ont brisé leurs promesses. Nous nous demandons aussi si une politique sur les brevets constitue la meilleure stratégie pour garantir le financement canadien dans la R et D pharmaceutique et nous proposons des alternatives pratiques à cet arrangement. NoteAll currencies are in Canadian dollars unless noted otherwise.
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