The objective of this study was to evaluate how storage and Sitophilus granarius L. infestation affects technological properties of wheat samples. Wheat samples were infested with S. granarius at a rate of 2 adults/kg, and stored for 6 months at 30 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity. At monthly intervals, samples of wheat were collected and evaluated for insect population, and physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. Additionally, white flour samples obtained from these wheat samples were evaluated. None of the analyses, except acidity, performed on the pest-free samples revealed any noticeable change during the storage period. Due to the increasing insect population, kernel and test weights, fat content decreased, but ash and protein contents, acidity value increased in the wheat samples. In the flour samples, ash and protein contents, acidity value increased, while fat and gluten contents, gluten index, and sedimentation values decreased. As a result of these changes, bread properties deteriorated.Keywords: Sitophilus granarius L; wheat quality; flour properties; baking quality El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar cómo el almacenamiento y la infestación de muestras de trigo con Sitophilus granarius L. afectaron las propiedades tecnológicas del mismo. Las muestras de trigo fueron infestadas con S. granarius a razón de 2 adultos por kg, siendo almacenadas durante 6 meses a temperaturas de 30 ± 1°C, con una humedad relativa de 70 ± 5%. Mensualmente, se recogieron y evaluaron las muestras de trigo, a fin de determinar su población de insectos y sus propiedades físicas, químicas y fisicoquímicas. Asimismo, se evaluaron muestras de trigo blanco obtenidas a partir de estas muestras de trigo. En los análisis realizados a las muestras sin insectos no se detectaron cambios notables ocurridos durante el periodo de almacenamiento, excepto en lo que tiene que ver con su acidez. Debido al incremento de la población de insectos, en las muestras de trigo disminuyó tanto el peso de los granos como el contenido de grasas, a la vez que aumentaron el contenido de ceniza y de proteínas, además del valor de la acidez. En las muestras de harina, aumentó el contenido de ceniza y de proteínas, así como también el valor de la acidez, mientras que disminuyeron el contenido de grasas y de gluten, el índice de gluten y los valores de sedimentación. Como resultado de estos cambios, se deterioraron las propiedades del pan.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how storage and Sitophilus granarius L. infestation affects mineral and vitamin (thiamin and riboflavin) contents of wheat grain and flour obtained from the wheat. Wheat samples were infested with nonsexed S. granarius at a rate of two adults per kilogram, and stored for 6 mo at 30 +/- 1 degrees C and 70 +/- 5% relative humidity. Every 30 d, samples of wheat were collected and evaluated for insect population, mineral, thiamin, and riboflavin contents. Flour milled from these wheat samples was also evaluated for mineral, thiamin, and riboflavin contents. None of the analyses performed on the uninfested wheat and flour samples showed any noticeable change during the storage period. The insect population of the infested wheat samples increased during the storage period. The ratio of the mineral contents to dry matter significantly increased in the infested wheat and flour samples during the infestation period, whereas thiamin and riboflavin contents considerably decreased. The feeding habits of S. granarius and the distribution of minerals and vitamins in the wheat grain caused the changes observed in the levels of these compounds. The effects of infestation were greatest in the latter stages, during which the insect population increased greatly.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of storage and granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.; Coleoptera: Curculionidae), infestation on pH, protein solubility (PS) and gel electrophoresis properties of meal and roller-milled flours of hard (Ceyhan-99 cv.) and soft (Eser cv.) wheat cultivars, respectively, after 6 mo of storage. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique was applied for studying the electrophoretic properties. Hard and soft wheats were infested with non-sexed S. granarius at a rate of two adults/ kg, and stored for 6 mo at 30 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH. The pest-free wheat samples were used as control. The infested and its control samples were collected monthly, and after cleaning the granary weevils, they were hammer-milled or roller-milled in order to get meal flours and roller-milled flours, respectively. The effect of infestation on the storage proteins was more obvious in meal flours than that of the roller-milled flours. Granary weevil feeding resulted secreting of hydrolyzing enzymes and increased the acidity of flours; subsequently the breaking and releasing of some storage proteins generally caused a decrease in pH and an increase in PS values of the meal flours of wheat cultivars. SDS-PAGE results generally indicated that towards the end of storage, the insect population, that greatly increased, caused minor protein depletions resulting decreasing protein band intensities between 113 and 58 kDa of hard wheat meal flour and 101 and 40 kDa of soft wheat roller-milled flour. Consequently, the potential effect of changes probably occurred in high molecular weight glutenin subunits of both wheat cultivars.

kıtalarında da yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Genetik çeşitliliği oldukça fazla olan kinoa, yüksek adaptasyon kabiliyetine de sahiptir. Ülkemizde ise son yıllarda tanınmış ve tüketilmeye başlanmıştır. 2013 yılı Birleşmiş Milletler Tarım Örgütü (FAO) tarafından ''Uluslararası Kinoa Yılı'' olarak ilan edilmiştir. Çeşide bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte, yaklaşık % 10-18 protein, % 4.50-8.75 yağ, % 54.1-64.2 karbonhidrat, % 2.40-3.65 kül ve % 2.1-4.9 lif içermektedir. Ayrıca, E vitamini, B grubu vitaminler, lisin aminoasidi ve esansiyel yağ asitleri açısından da zengin bir bitkidir. Bu nedenle buğday ununa ilave edildiğinde elde edilen ürünlerin besin değerini artırmaktadır. Ancak kinoanın bileşiminde acılığa sebep olan saponinlerin bulunması ve buğday gluten proteinlerinin eksikliği fırın ürünlerinde kullanımını sınırlandırmaktadır. Yapısında bulunan saponinler uzaklaştırıldıktan sonra, kinoa zenginleştirme amacı ile ekmek, kek, bisküvi gibi fırın ürünlerinin üretiminde tat, aroma, tekstür, görünüş gibi özellikler dikkate alınarak, buğday ununa belli oranlarda katılabilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra çölyak hastaları için ekmek yapımında kinoa nişasta kaynağı olarak da kullanılabilmektedir. Bu makalede kinoanın çeşitli fırın ürünlerinde kullanımı hakkında bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

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