The purpose of this study was to: (1) to determine the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) model on critical thinking skill, and (2) to determine the effect of PBL model on environmental attitude. This study used a quasi-experiment model with a pretestposttest control group design. The subjects of this study were students of Social Sciences Education Program, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, academic year 2018/2019. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and determined 25 subjects in each experimental and control class. Data collection used a test as an instrument of critical thinking skill and a questionnaire that were used to know the students' environmental attitude. The data analysis used independent sample t-test. The results showed: 1) there is a significant influence of PBL model on students' critical thinking skill (p=0.010) and 2) there is a significant influence of PBL model on students' environmental attitude (p=0.000). The PBL model has higher influence on critical thinking skill and environmental attitude than to conventional model. The use of problem-based learning models in activities to solve environmental problems encourages students' critical thinking skills to foster an environmental attitude.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of the earthcomm learning model in increasing environmental awareness in high school students. Increased environmental awareness is a representation of students' knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills in solving environmental problems. In addition, this study was conducted to know the differences in student activities between classes using the earthcomm learning model and conventional learning models. The study used quasi-experimental design. The data was taken using an instrument of environmental awareness at the pretest and posttest in the experimental and control classes involving high school students in Malang City, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA with SPSS version 23 software for Windows. The results of the study prove that the earthcomm learning model has a significant influence on changes of knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills in solving environmental problems in high school students. Students' activity in the experimental class was more active than the control class.

Scientific writing is essential for students to express their idea and to report their research. Problem-based learning model directs students to solve problems and report them in the form of scientific articles. The report is written logically and systematically. The research used a quasi-experiment method with 62 students as participants. The research was conducted in the Geography Education Program of Kanjuruhan University of Malang, Indonesia, academic year 2017/2018 on the course of Geography Natural Resource. The instruments used were essay tests and assessment rubrics for scientific writing. Data from problem-solving and scientific writing assessments were analysed with the Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5% after a prerequisite test. The results of the study showed that: problembased learning model has a significant effect on students' problem-solving skills, scientific writing skill, and together problem-based learning and problem-solving skills had significant effect scientific writing skill.

Purposes This study aimed to understand the influence of health beliefs, demographic factors, and health characteristics on the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among women in rural areas of Indonesia. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and 687 married women participated in the study. A convenience sampling was applied to recruit the participants from community health centres in a rural region in Indonesia. Self-reported data using the Health Beliefs Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test was collected to assess the health beliefs. Independent t-tests, simple logistic regressions, and a hierarchical logistic regression with 3 steps were run. Statistical significance for analysis was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the participants was 42 years (SD = 8.4). Among the participants, 81% of the women had never undergone a Pap smear test, and 61% (n = 422) of the women reported a high intention of receiving a Pap smear test. Income and education Health beliefs regarding Pap smear testing were different between women who had low and high intentions to undergo Pap smear testing. Health beliefs, such as perceived benefits, severity, barriers to Pap smear testing, and health motivation for a Pap smear test were associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among rural Indonesian women. Overall, the hierarchical multiple regression with 3 steps containing demographic, health characteristics, and health belief variables accounted for 31% variance of the intention to undergo Pap smear test among the Indonesian rural women. Conclusions Low screening rates of cervical cancer and high intentions to do the screening exist among rural Indonesian women. Health beliefs significantly affect the rural women’s intention of Pap smear testing in Indonesia.