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Background: K1 capsular polysaccharide is usually expressed in uropathogenic E. coli.The aim of current study was to evaluate the effect of BipA in the regulation of K1 capsular polysaccharide expression in E. coli. Methods: In order to identify the role of BipA in theK1 capsule expression,bipA gene was deletedin the UPEC strain UTI89.Results: The flow cytometry analyses showed that the capsular polysaccharide expressedon the UTI89ΔbipA cells was less thanthe capsular polysaccharide present on the wild type UTI89 cells. Also, plaque assays using K1specific bacteriophage showed that the plaque diameter produced on UTI89ΔbipA was about 1/2 the plaque diameter produced on wild typeUTI89indicated a reduction in the capsular polysaccharide expression from UTI89ΔbipA in comparison with UTI89.Conclusion: These results showed that the expression of K1 capsular polysaccharide is upregulated by BipA.

Understanding the strategies of bacterial infections requires an extensive knowledge of the essential role virulence factors play in bacterial pathogenicity. These components are essential in spreading of the infection, the capacity of the bacteria to avoid host defenses and the start of disease. The absence or presence of certain virulence factors has significant influence on the rate of infection dissemination. Virulence factors are divided into four groups: adhesion factors, invasion factors, toxin factors and immune evasion factors. The review here, addresses how virulence parameters affect host cells and tissues, how they may influence disease development and how they may be utilized to identify and treat bacterial infections. Controlling virulence parameters is also an important aspect of this. Virulence parameters expression can be influenced by variety of genetic and environmental variables, including quorum sensing which is not always present. Finally developing efficient prevention and therapeutic techniques for bacterial infections requires detailed understanding of the control of virulence parameters. Indicating the important role of virulence factors in bacterial pathogenicity is vital in the development of powerful treatment methods.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infection after respiratory tract infection. Its prevalence is more in women as compared to men. Approximately 50% of women have an infection of the Urinary tract in their life-time. The bacterial infection is one of the most important bioactivity; using their ability to imitate evanish then distributes international fitness problems into the 21st centenary. Thus a recent study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of a mixture of three medicinal plants against UTI infectious isolates. The three considered plants were (Aloe vera, Artemisia herba alba and Teucrium polium), which were used in Iraqi medicine for many centuries. The effectiveness of this combination was investigated using in vitro well diffusion method. The extract was tested against four isolated pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp, and Proteus spp). The aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The mixture extract had the highest effect against S. aureus and Proteus spp, followed by a lower effect on Klebsiella spp. In conclusion, the antibacterial effect of the tested plant extracts confirmed a higher impact on Gram-positive bacteria as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, it can be concluded that the usage of these plants as a traditional medicine form can be considered as a strong assistant to regular medicine drugs and treatments.