Background and Objective: COVID-19 is a fast-spreading worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization recommended wearing face masks. Masks have become an urgent necessity throughout the pandemic, the study's goal was to track the impact of wearing masks on immunological responses. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 healthy people who were working in health care at Nineveh Governorate Hospitals from September-December, 2020. They wore face masks at work for more than 8 months for an average of 6 hrs a day. The control sample included 40 healthy individuals, who wore masks for very short periods. All samples underwent immunological and physiological tests to research the effects of wearing masks for extended periods within these parameters. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in total White Blood Count and the absolute number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and phagocytic activity. However, there was a significant increase in the absolute number of eosinophils in participants compared with the control. The results also suggested there were no significant differences in IgE, haemoglobin concentration and blood O 2 saturation in participants who wore masks for more than 6 hrs compared to the control group. The results showed a significant increase in pulse rate in participants who wore masks for more than 6 hrs compared to the control group. The results also showed a strong correlation coefficient between the time of wearing masks and some immunological, haematological parameters. Conclusion: Wearing masks for long periods alters immunological parameters that initiate the immune response, making the body weaker in its resistance to infectious agents.

The emergence of the new corona virus ("SARS-CoV-2") in the late 2019 threatened the whole world and scientists throughout the word began searching for biological activities of the virus , During an unprecedented record period that did not exceed one year,  scientists were able to develop a number of safe and effective vaccines  , which have been tested on tens of thousands of volunteers around the world.  Different companies prepared many vaccines and few of them get emergency approval by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used in different countries. The aim of the current study is to describe COVID 19 vaccines, structures, efficacy and safety  used in Iraq. Three vaccines (Pfizer,Biontech vaccine, AstraZenica,Oxford vaccine and Sinopharm,vaccine) are used to vaccinate people. All used vaccines showed variable effectiveness with different antibody titers. The ideal vaccine should be cheap, prophylactic, prevent congenital abnormalities, control the disease and eradicate it and be effective at all ages, at different health conditions and its effect is its effect lasts for a long time.

Some microorganisms' stress tolerance and adaptability through the ability to live in new environments previously considered hostile to dense microbial growth. The aim of the study: In this work, the isolation, molecular identification, and analysis of some physiological properties of Exiguobacterium profundum isolated from washing machine drain water were carried out. Fifteen samples were collected from different washing machines' drain water, and 42 isolates were characterized and identified. Based on the morphological assay and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, one isolate was designated as Exiguobacterium profundum Kh-Am2 and was deposited in the Gene bank database under the accession number MW447498.1. The physiological properties assay showed that E. profundum could not decompose red blood cells while proving their ability to decompose crude and coconut oil, producing lipopeptide biosurfactants. It has also demonstrated its ability to form biofilm using the tube method, which helps it to live in harsh environments such as the environment of washing machines. The results showed that E. profundum is halotolerant bacteria with its ability to grow at a concentration of ( 75) g/l NaCl and the best growth was at( 25) g/l NaCl concentration. The results also showed the effect of different concentrations of NaCl on E. profundum, where the best movement rate was at a concentration of ( 25 )g/l NaCl, while the movement was completely inhibited at a concentration of (75)g/l NaCl. We have concluded that E. profundum possesses traits that enable it to live in harsh environments. Keywords. Exiguobacterium profundum, drain water, biosurfactant

Background and Objective: Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells in adipose tissue that plays a biological role in metabolism, immune system control and energy flow regulation. The study's objective was to investigate serum leptin levels in PCOS females and determine how they are related to immunological and hormonal parameters. Materials and Methods: Thirty PCOS women were chosen for the study and compared to thirty healthy women as control samples, with both case and normal samples ranging in age from 18-36 years. WBC count, absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, leptin, Prolactin and serum IgA levels were measured. Results: The results showed the mean WBC, lymphocytes and eosinophil absolute numbers in PCOS women were significantly different.However, there was no significant difference in the absolute numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. The findings also revealed a significant increase in BMI, IgA, leptin and prolactin levels in PCOS when compared to controls. The results showed strong positive correlation coefficients between BMI and IgA (1.000**), WBC with neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes (0.797**, 0.790**, 0.712**), respectively and finally leptin and prolactin (0.474**). The same test, on the other hand, revealed an inverse correlation coefficient between BMI, IgA and prolactin (-0.376*, -0.376*, respectively with p<0.05). Conclusion: A rise in the levels of the hormones leptin and prolactin, which were positively associated with the body mass index in women with PCOS, was found in the current study. The findings revealed that the hormones leptin and prolactin have an effect on some immune parameters in women with PCOS.

This study aimed to isolate, molecular identify, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the three commercial types of household detergents; Persil (P), Arial (A), and Peros (Pe) in both forms of gel liquid and (Tate ) powder and antibiotics susceptibility test to assessed against isolates from used washing machines in Mosul city/ Iraq. A total of 46 bacterial isolates were isolated. Five isolates were designated as Kh-Am1, Kh-Am4 from the Drum part, Kh-Am3, Kh-Am6 from the Rubber door seal part and Kh-Am5 from Drain dictum; these isolates were selected for molecular identification by 16S rRNA. The 16S rRNA gene of Kh-Am1, Kh-Am3, Kh-Am4, Kh-Am5 and Kh-Am6. The disc agar diffusion method was adopted for each selected isolate using stock and diluted concentrations. After incubation at 37ₒC for 24 hours, inhibition of Aerea was recorded. The results showed that the powder and gel form detergent stock solution has more inhibitory efficacy for the assayed isolates than dilutions. Susceptibility to antibiotics assay revealed that almost all the selected isolates were resistant. Even though infectious strains were not found, opportunistic pathogens were detected. However, because many bacteria have been detected in wash water, washing items at home with it may result in microbial contamination. Keywords: Washing machine bacteria, Washing machine environment, Detergents effect on bacteria, Antibiotic Susceptibility of washing machine bacteria.