This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/52490/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output.Journal Name Nanomaterials are revolutionising analytical applications with low-cost tests that enable detecting a target molecule in a few steps and with the naked eye. With this approach, nonexperts can perform analyses on-site and without utilising electronic readers. This is advantageous in point-of-care diagnostics, in-field measurements and analyses performed in resource-constrained settings. Here we review the main strategies adopted for detecting analytes with the naked eye and at the point of need using plasmonic nanosensors, catalytic nanoparticles and fluorescent nanomaterials. Examples of the detection of ions, glucose, small molecules, peptides and proteins with the nanosensors are explained in detail. IntroductionThe design of sensors for in-field measurements has been a central issue of analytical chemistry for decades. From the diagnosis of diseases at the point of care 1 to the detection of hazardous levels of pollutants 2,3 and the identification of pathogens in food samples, 4,5 there is a growing need for obtaining accurate information about the composition of a sample rapidly and at the point of need. For many years electrochemical sensors have dominated the area of in-field sensing due to the possibility of fabricating all the elements of the sensor with well-known microfabrication techniques. 6,7 These fabrication methods generate portable, compact devices in which the transducers are directly integrated with the circuitry. 8,9 However, although microchips containing electrochemical transducers can be mass-produced, the manufacturing cost of these devices is still too high for certain applications in which the sensor cannot be reutilised or recycled. Electrical readers are also expensive, and therefore their utilisation can only be justified in routine tests, for example in diagnostic tests r...

This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/59696/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output. conditions. The results shown here pave the way for using the proposed methodology to discern the role of target enzymes in intracellular signaling pathways. 3Enzymes are biological catalysts involved in crucial cellular processes such as signaling pathways, DNA replication, and protein expression. In biotechnology, enzymes are used for manufacturing biosensors, [1] medicines, [2] fuels [3] and foodstuffs. [4] A methodology for inactivating a target enzyme on demand could be useful for discerning the role of the biocatalyst in a particular cell function. [5] A light-triggered inactivation mechanism would be ideal for these applications since it would enable turning off the enzyme activity noninvasively and on demand. Current methods for controlling the activity of enzymes with light require the synthesis of photoresponsive enzyme substrates, i.e. a molecule that changes its conformation upon irradiation at a particular wavelength. [6] While this approach allows a fine control over the activity of a given enzyme, it can only be applied to those enzymes whose substrate can be synthesized in a laboratory. Furthermore, enzymes show exquisite specificity for the conversion of a particular substrate. This means that different lightresponsive molecules must be synthesized for each specific enzyme, which is very timeconsuming. Moreover, supplying synthetic substrates may be cumbersome in intracellular or in vivo studies, in which the photoresponsive molecules may need to permeate cell membranes and compete with naturally occurring substrates in order to inactivate the enzymes. In this context it would be highly desirable to find a generic methodology that allowed inactivating any target enzyme remotely regardless of its substrate specificity and in different biological scenarios, such as in the presence of other enzym...

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A new method is introduced for self-assembling citrate-capped gold nanoparticles into supraparticles with crystallographically aligned building blocks.