Early telencephalic development involves patterning of the distinct regions and fate specification of the neural stem cells (NSCs). These processes, mainly characterized in rodents, remain elusive in primates and thus our understanding of conserved and species-specific features. Here, we profiled 761,529 single-cell transcriptomes from multiple regions of the prenatal macaque telencephalon. We defined the molecular programs of the early organizing centers and their cross-talk with NSCs, finding primate-biased signaling active in the antero-ventral telencephalon. Regional transcriptomic divergences were evident at early states of neocortical NSC progression and in differentiated neurons and astrocytes, more than in intermediate transitions. Finally, we show that neuropsychiatric disease- and brain cancer-risk genes have putative early roles in the telencephalic organizers' activity and across cortical NSC progression.

In the Materials and Methods section, the service providers for in vitro Cas9 assay and Illumina Sequencing systems were not mentioned.

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The avian and mammalian brain contain similar cell types, but are organized quite differently. The dynamic changes in proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors along the medial-lateral axis are among the unique features that distinguish the avian pallium from its mammalian counterpart. In this study carried out in the developing chick pallium, the analysis of expression pattern as well as functional studies of a microRNA, miR-19b, reveal that it is a potential regulator of the dynamics of neuronal progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation in this context. Moreover, was also found to be sufficient for regulating the expression of a lateral pallial marker, Mef2c. In summary, miR-19b is likely to be a pivotal player that shapes the developing avian pallium.

In the Materials and Methods section, the service providers for in vitro Cas9 assay and Illumina Sequencing systems were not mentioned.