Les réformes du système de justice en vue d’améliorer l’accès à la justice ont entraîné la création d’une justice de proximité. Si les principes d’indépendance et d’impartialité de la justice moderne s’accommodent plutôt mal de cette notion de proximité, une conception postmoderne de la justice poursuit la quête de l’accès à la justice par l’entremise du développement d’une justice de proximité dans le contexte de la gouvernance. Le présent article propose ainsi de comprendre la justice de proximité selon la perspective du droit de la gouvernance. Les exigences de la gouvernance définissent la justice de proximité en termes de proximité territoriale, temporelle, participative, structurelle, processuelle et réflexive. Cette typologie permet d’analyser certains phénomènes de justice, tels que les cours municipales, les tribunaux administratifs, les programmes d’accompagnement justice et santé mentale en matière criminelle et les centres de justice de proximité.
The present text discusses the reception, in Canada, of the French model of duality of jurisdictions in the field of administrative law. It seeks to demonstrate that, notwithstanding the ideological divergences from which each system was born, the Canadian system moves towards a mitigated form of duality of jurisdictions.
Part I compares the characteristics and the historical foundations of both the French and the Canadian jurisdictional Systems and emphasizes their divergent elements. Part II analyzes the recent evolution — principally marked by the emergence of specialized administrative tribunals, the creation of a court of justice mostly dedicated to administrative matters and the introduction of a new standard of judicial review — from which it can be deduced some common features with the French model.
Without speaking of an absolute convergence, this analysis reveals the fact that the pur suit of specialization which underlies the changes made in the Canadian jurisdictional order and in the Rule of law, not only leads to a duality of jurisdictions at the level inferior tribunals, but paves the way to the development of an autonomous corpus of administrative law.
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