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A tripartite conceptual model for the evaluation of mental health and psychotherapy outcomes is presented. The model highlights the values brought to bear by three "interested parties" in these evaluations: society, the individual, and the mental health professional. The model is elaborated in terms of the specific problem of negative ejects in psychotherapy, an issue of increasing concern to the public and the mental health profession. Clinical, research, and public policy implications of the model are discussed.The Vanderbilt University Research Team studying negative effects in psychotherapy included

It is suggested that motor reactions may be elicited in an observer as a consequence of his exposure to a model and that such reactions may become conditioned to environmental events. An experiment is reported in which observers showed greater EMG activity in the arm while watching models arm wrestle than while watching a model stutter, and greater lip EMG activity while watching a model stutter than while watching arm wrestling. Some evidence for conditioning was found in the arm activity of males watching wrestling.

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