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This study examines the Granger causality between electricity consumption and Gross Domestic Product WALD test (T-Y test) affirm the existence of unidirectional Granger causality from electricity consumptionto economic growth without any feedback effect. Therefore, an immediate effort to increase electricity availability is required and energy conservation policies are supposed to halt the economic growth.

The recent race for autonomous or 'driverless' vehicles, has spawned a lot of research in the area of Internet of Autonomous Vehicles (IAVs). With the advent of the latest technology fueled by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) can now determine the best possible route to a destination based on the current traffic situation and take dynamic driving decisions accordingly, while preventing accidents. Field trials for single autonomous vehicles have been largely successful. However, as more autonomous vehicles will be added to the intelligent transport networks, current research is now centered around their synergistic coexistence in the offering of network-centric and user-centric services. This development is governed by borrowing several concepts from the legacy Internet to address the problems of IAVs. In this paper, we present an extensive overview of the research challenges in the IAVs. Moreover, our contributions in this paper are that (i) We show how the network-oriented cooperative client-server model will give way to a more unorthodox and 'selfish' decentralized and peer-to-peer (P2P) model, for example in the offering of navigation services on the IAV. (ii) We discuss how centralized architecture will give way to more distributed architectures for real-time information propagation over the IAV. (iii) We discuss how network-centric policies will begin to shift to user-centric under more beneficial revenue models by offering network-assisted quality of service (QoS) provisioning. (iv) We discuss in detail how vehicle traffic grooming in the IAV would present as much of a challenge as in the legacy Internet. (v) We discuss the disruptive role of value-added services on the IAV, and (iv) Finally, we discuss the problem of cyber threats in the IAV just as in the legacy Internet.

This research focuses on intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based, real-time video surveillance to ensure better monitoring and security of remote locations over 4G-LTE cellular networks by maximizing end-user quality of experience (QoE). We propose a novel server-based crosslayer rate-adaptive scheme (SCRAS) for real-time video surveillance over 4G-LTE networks using UAVs. Our key contributions are: (1) In SCRAS, mobile UAVs having preprogrammed flight co-ordinates act as servers, streaming real-time video towards a remote client; (2) server-side video rate adaptation occurs in 4G-LTE based on the physical characteristics of the received signal conditions due to variations in the wireless channel and handovers; (3) SCRAS is fully automated and independent of client assistance for rate adaptation, as it is intended for real-time, mission-critical surveillance applications; (4) SCRAS ensures that during rate adaptation, the current video frame should not be damaged by completing the current group of packet (GoP) before adaptation. Our simulations in NS3 provide credible evidence that SCRAS outperforms recently proposed schemes in providing better QoE for real-time, rate-adaptive, video surveillance over 4G-LTE under varying channel quality and frequent handovers that occur during flight by UAVs.

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