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The pineal gland is a small pinecone-shaped and functionally endocrine structure located in the epithalamus region. Developmentally, the pineal gland is considered as a part of the epithalamus. It plays a role in the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of an organism by producing melatonin, a functionally important hormone. Lesions of the pineal region are rare compared to other parts of the brain. A lesion may be tumorous or non-tumorous in nature. The most common lesions are tumors that are pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT) in origin. Gliomas are the second most common tumors in the pineal region. We report a case of a high-grade oligodendroglioma, not commonly seen in the pineal region, in a 45-year-old male. The patient was suspected to have a mass in the pineal region on a computed tomography (CT) scan and histology confirmed the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma. This is a unique case because only five such cases have been reported so far.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the histopathological examination of medicolegal autopsy cases and its correlation with causes of death. Study Design: Retrospective/observational Place and Duration: This study was conducted at department of Pathology, Khairpur Medical College Khairpur Mir's for duration of eight months from 15thMay, 2020 to 15thJanuary, 2021. Methods: Hundred cases of both genders were presented in this study. Cases were aged between 15-75 years. Cases detailed demographics age, sex and body mass index were calculated after taking informed written consent from authorities. Autopsy laboratory was used to take medicolegal autopsies of enrolled cases. 10% formalin solution was used for histopathological examination of all the specimens. In the course of the post-mortem investigation we examined the histopathology results for five major organs, such as the brain, heart, lung, liver and kidneys and compared them with gross anatomical results. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results: 62 (62%) cases were males and 38 (38%) patients were females. Mean age of the participants were 30.52±13.17 years with mean BMI 24.52±16.21kg/m2. Most of the participants 40 (40%) were aged between 25-35 years of age followed by 27 (27%) were aged between 36-45 years. Most of the participants 70 (70%) were from urban area and the rest were 30 (30%) from rural area. Instant death was the most common cause found in 35 (35%) cases, followed by traffic accidents 24 (24%) cases. Most frequent effected organs were lung 29%, heart 26%, liver 21% and brain 18%. In lungs pneumonia was the most common effected pathology among 20 (68.97%) and in heart atherosclerosis was the most common effected pathology among 21 (80.77%). Conclusion: In medicolegal autopsy cases, histopathological analysis may be regarded as a useful method. The most common organ in these cases were the heart, liver and lungs. In certain cases, the histopathological exam of these bodies has been useful in identifying the cause of death. Often pathological results included pneumonia, atherosclerosis and congestion. Keywords: Histopathology, Medicolegal, Cause of death, Autopsy

Background and Aim: The clinical tuberculosis infection risk increases with rheumatoid arthritis and its medication. Chronic systemic inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease may affect various organs and tissues. The present study was aimed to assess the frequency of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking DMARDS at Khairpur Medical College/ Hospital Khairpur. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients at the Department of Internal Medicine of Khairpur Medical College/Hospital Khairpur from March 2019 to July 2021. All the patients with cough for >3 weeks were enrolled by taking three sputum sample and risk assessment questionnaire. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli presence was identified based on acid fast staining technique. Tuberculosis incidence, medical records, and clinical manifestation were explored. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 249 patients, 226 (90.8%) were male and 23 (9.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 65.73±7.53 years. The incidence of tuberculosis with rheumatoid arthritis was 4-fold. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and disseminated tuberculosis was 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) respectively in rheumatoid disease patients. The incidence of tuberculosis with rheumatoid arthritis reduced from 47.6 to 28 per 100 000 with p<0.001. Conclusion: Our study found that pulmonary tuberculosis was more prevalent (72.7%) among adult tuberculosis patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Compared to general population, the tuberculosis incidence among rheumatoid arthritis patients was 4-fold. Keywords: Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, DMARDS