The demand for low voltage devices has initiated the development of Low Drop Out (LDO) regulator in manifold. This paper presents a review of various LDO frameworks that have been implemented in CMOS technologies and the impact of frameworks related to the parameters of the LDO. The LDO architecture is evaluated through its Power Supply Rejection (PSR) and transient response performance. The transient response performance mostly depends on the added buffer and the PSR performance depends on the pass device capacitance and the LDO loop gain. \ Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd rozwiązań układów LDO (Low Drop Pout) w technologii CMOS. Przedstawiono także rozwiązania typu PSR-Power Supply Rejection. Analizowano dynamikę tych układów. Tendencje rozwojowe układów LDO (Low Drop Out) w technologii CMOS

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is one of the essential components in Ultra Wideband (UWB) devices. Conventional LNA suffers from large chip area, high power consumption and inadequate Noise Figure (NF). A compact UWB LNA in the bandwidth of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz is proposed. The design is based on inductor-less configuration using the resistive shunt feedback topology and noise canceling techniques for wideband and high gain characteristics. Designed in 0.18-µm CMOS technology without applying any inductors and capacitors in the core circuit, the chip area is only 0.001 mm 2 and consumes 16.11 mW of power at 1.5-V supply. The maximum gain is 18.01 dB and the minimum NF noise is 1.324 dB.

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Both the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) are popular and ubiquitous technologies. However, RFID is lagging behind due to vendor specific solutions and excessive reader cost. A WiFi compatible IEEE 802.11 RFID tag can eliminate the reader. A digital modulator and demodulator for the reader-less RFID tag in IEEE 802.11 protocol employing Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Barker code are proposed in this paper. To generate the 11-bit Barker code, MOD-11 synchronous counter and encoder are designed by utilizing only four D flip-flops instead of preloading the code sequence in multiple registers. For modulation, data are multiplied with this Barker code and for demodulation, the received data are multiplied with the same Barker code. Designed in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the minimum, average and maximum power consumptions are 3.64 nA, 17.64 μA and 7.61 mA, respectively. The simulation results show the correct functionality of the modulator and demodulator where 1 bit is spread to 11 bits and 11 bits received data are de-spread to 1 bit, respectively. The design would help to implement the modulator and demodulator for the reader-less RFID tag with resistance to multi-path fading and interference and covering the highest distance with lower Bit Error Rate (BER).Delineamento de um modulador e demodulador digital para RFID Tag sem leitor em processo CMOS 0,18-μm RESUMO. A identificação de radiofrequência (RFID) e a fidelidade sem fio (WiFi) são tecnologias populares e onipresentes. Entretanto a RFID está atrasada devido a soluções específicas dos fornecedores e o preço excessivo dos leitores. Um WiFi compatível com IEEE 802.11 RFID tag pode eliminar o uso de leitores. Neste trabalho, propomos um modulador e demodulador digital para uma RFID tag em protocolo IEEE 802.11 empregando Seqüência Direta Espalha Espectro (DSSS) e código Barker. Para gerar o código Barker de 11 bits, um contador e codificador síncrono MOD-11 foram delineados utilizando somente quatro flip flops D, ao invés da pré-carga da sequência de código em registros múltiplos. Para a modulação, os dados foram multiplicados pelo código Barker, e para a demodulação, os dados recebidos foram multiplicados por esse mesmo código Barker. Projetado em tecnologia CMOS 0,18 μm, o consumo mínimo, médio e máximo de energia são 3,64 nA, 17,64 μA e 7,61 mA, respectivamente. Os resultados da simulação mostraram o funcionamento correto do modulador e do demodulador onde 1 bit é transmitido para 11 bits e 11 bits de dados recebidos são retransmitidos para 1 bit, respectivamente. O delineamento ajudaria a programar o modulador e demodulador para o RFID tag sem leitor com resistência para desvanecimento de multipercurso e interferência e cobrindo a maior distância com menor taxa de bits de erro (BER). Palavras-chave: código barker, demodulador, IEEE 802.11, modulador, RFID.