Background The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is an instrument with good psychometric properties that is widely used to assess alcohol craving. Based on the assumption that the experience of craving is independent of substance type, the Polish version of the PACS was modified to measure drug craving, thus creating the Penn Drug Craving Scale (PDCS). The analyses presented in the paper aim to verify the hypothesis that the PDCS has a unidimensional structure, is highly reliable and features longitudinal measurement invariance. Methods The research was conducted in 14 inpatient and 13 outpatient randomly selected facilities that provide psychosocial therapy to people with substance use disorder (SUD) in Poland, during June 2018 –July 2019. The data used for the analyses came from 282 patients diagnosed on the basis of ICD-10 criteria (F11.2-F19.2). The paper presents analyses with the application of: [1] confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on the basis of a polychoric correlation matrix and the WLSMV estimator; [2] a reliability estimate using Cronbach’s alpha and coefficient omega; [3] verification of longitudinal measurement invariance between the beginning and end of therapy; [4] evaluation of criterion validity; [5] normalisation of the raw scores. Results The CFA results confirmed a unidimensional PDCS structure (RMSEA = 0.047, 95% CI: 0.000–0.103; CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.999) and a high reliability of the scale (ω = 0.93). Moreover, a strict longitudinal measurement invariance of the instrument was confirmed. Conclusions Accurate assessment of craving is possible only with valid and reliable instruments. Therefore, the psychometric properties of the PDCS were verified based on the latest statistical approaches. The scale is a valid and highly reliable tool featuring longitudinal measurement invariance and can be usefully used for research and clinical purposes. Thus, the Polish version of the PACS has been modified and successfully applied to the population of people with SUD.

The aim of this article is to present the evaluation of psychometric properties of an original tool for measuring the propensity to adopt conformist attitudes in adolescents -the Conformist Attitudes Scale (SPK-II).The objective was achieved based on the results of exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis using a bi-factor model. Analyses were performed on a polychoric correlation matrix using the WLSMV estimator. The Geomin oblique rotation was used for the EFA. Data for the validation study were collected in Poland in 2012 and 2020 from 256 and 245 students aged 16-19, respectively. Of the solutions tested, the bi-factor model proved to be the best fit to the data (RMSEA = 0.052; CFI = 0.964; TLI = 0.953). Based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, coefficients omega (ω), and ECV, the scale was found to have high reliability. At the same time, the stability of the scale's latent structure, its dimensionality and reliability were positively verified by comparing the estimates for the data from 2012 and 2020.

Poruszona w artykule tematyka koncentruje się wokół problemu konformizmu. Konformizacja zachowań została ujęta jako swoisty mechanizm adaptacyjny związany z predyspozycją do bezrefleksyjnego odtwarzania wzorców narzuconych przez grupę uczestnictwa społecznego, warunkowany potrzebami afiliacyjnymi i obawą przed odrzuceniem rówieśniczym. Tym samym przedmiot prowadzonych analiz dotyczy skłonności do przyjmowania postawy konformistycznej przez badanych z trzech grup porównawczych, zróżnicowanych ze względu na poziom rozwoju intelektualnego i problem niedostosowania społecznego. Cechy te stanowią dodatkowe czynniki ryzyka uruchomienia tendencji konformistycznych, mając znaczenie dla powodzenia procesu integracji grupowej. Wnioskowanie przeprowadzono w schemacie porównawczym na trzech grupach: grupa A – niedostosowani w normie intelektualnej (n = 57); grupa B – niedostosowani z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną (n = 57); grupa C – dostosowani społecznie (n = 60). Łącznie wielkość próby: 174 badanych w wieku 16–19 lat. W badaniach wykorzystano autorskie narzędzie o zadawalających właściwościach psychometrycznych – Skala Postaw Konformistycznych (SPK). Otrzymane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że porównywane grupy wyraźnie różnicuje poziom tendencji konformistycznych. Dodatkowo konformizm, w każdej z porównywanych grup, ogniskuje się wokół różnych atrybutów wyzwalających.

Objective The objective of this scoping review is to investigate what is known about the psychosocial functioning of adolescents with ADHD. All basic life environments (family, school and peer group) will be considered. Introduction Adolescence is especially critical for people with ADHD–natural maturation may be accompanied by changing symptoms of ADHD. A number of childhood difficulties transform during adolescence and contribute to problems in various areas that comprise psychosocial functioning. The available studies focus on selected domains of psychosocial functioning of adolescents with ADHD, however, to the authors’ best knowledge, there is no comprehensive description of this issue. The lack of such a description is the main rationale for conducting this scoping review. Inclusion criteria Pointing to the PCC elements (population, concept, context), the scoping review will include primary studies on the concept of psychosocial functioning (including functioning in the family, school and peer group). In the included studies, the term "psychosocial functioning" (or related) had to be used explicitly. The population will be adolescents (10 to 19 years old) with a formal diagnosis of ADHD (DSM classification) or Hyperkinetic Syndrome (ICD-9) or Hyperkinetic Disorders (ICD-10). There will be no restrictions on the research context. Methods The methodology of scoping reviews will be applied in accordance with the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The following databases: Academic Search Ultimate, ERIC, MEDLINE, ProQuest Central, PsycInfo, Scopus, and databases under the Web of Science will be searched for primary studies in peer-reviewed journals, written in English and published since 1987. The analyses will be based mainly on frequency counts of the components of psychosocial functioning and population characteristics. The results will be presented in tabular form and supplemented with a descriptive summary. The protocol has been registered on the Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MS82H [registration DOI].