Проект государственного стандарта на козьи шкуры РЕЗЮМЕВ настоящее время существует межгосударственный стандарт на овечьи шкуры (ГОСТ 28425-90), однако аналогичного стандарта на козьи шкуры нет. Это создает определенные трудности при заготовках. В некоторых случаях при оценке кожевенной продуктивности козлин можно руководствоваться ГОСТом 28425-90 «Сырье кожевенное» который распространяется на шкуры крупного рогатого скота, буйволов, яков, лосей, лошадей, верблюдов, ослов, мулов, домашних свиней (кроме хряков), а также домашних и диких коз площадью 24 м 2 и более, предназначенные для переработки в кожевенной промышленности. Однако этот стандарт не учитывает меховую и шубную продуктивность. Кроме того, одним из недостатков этого стандарта является то, что козлины величиной более 24 дм 2 относятся к I группе, а требования к 2, 3, и 4 группам в отличие от шкур других видов животных отсутствуют. С учетом вышесказанного разработан проект стандарта на козьи шкуры с предварительным названием «Козлины не выделанные. Технические условия.

The use of genetic markers in addition to traditional methods of animal selection with desirable genotypes allows to increase the share of animals with high productivity in the next generations and ensures improvement of breeding efficiency. Genetic features of the Prikatun type of the Gorno-Altay semi-fine wool breed of sheep and the white downy goat breed in the Republic of Altay were studied by the method of immunogenetic and molecular genetic analysis. The frequency of antigenic factors was identified and the index of genetic similarity between goats and sheep and their separate herds was calculated. Gene polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and calpastatin (CAST) was revealed by the method of DNA diagnosis. Population and genetic characteristics of the herds was studied by the genes specified. Associative genotype relation to productivity and quality of the produce obtained was analyzed. The index of genetic similarity between the goats and the sheep was at the level of 0.713, between the separate herds of the goats the index was 0.861. The ratio of genotypes in the BLG gene determined by PCR analysis in the white downy goats was S1S1– 16.1%; S1S2– 50.6%; S2S2– 33.3%. In the Prikatun type two genotypes were identified in this gene: BB with the frequency of 59.2%, and AB – 40.8%. Two different alleles were identified in the CAST gene of sheep (M and N). The genotype MM was the predominant variant in the CAST sheep gene, whose frequency was 88%. The frequency of occurrence of animals with NN genotype was 1%, MN – 11%. It was shown that the gene equilibrium in the herds was not broken, χ2= 0.931. It was noted that heterozygous goats (S1S2) by BLG gene had a higher live weight by 0.30-0.61 kg compared to other variants of BLG gene (p<0.05). It was also found that lambs with genotype MM of the CAST gene had a higher live weight by 5.5 kg than MN heterozygotes (p< 0.01). However, this difference was not revealed in other age and sex groups of animals.

Studies on the genotypic structure of the Altai white down breed by BLG, IGF-1, and CSN3 genes are presented. Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood of 113 animals using the Amplie Prime DNA-Sorb-B clinical extraction kit. Molecular genetic reactions were performed on a C1000 BioRad amplifier. Visualization and identification of the results were determined by flatbed electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel using the E-BoxCX5.TS-20.M gel-documentation system (France) in transmitted ultraviolet light. As a result, the frequency of genotypes and alleles was established as follows: BLGS1S1 – 17,7%, BLGS1S2 – 57,5, BLGS2S2 – 24, respectively; BLGS1 – 0,46; BLGS2 – 0,54; IGFAA – 2,7; IGFAB – 28,3 и IGFBB – 69,0%. The allele frequencies are IGFA – 0,17 and IGFB – 0,83. The CSN3 gene in Altai white down goats was monomorphic for the CSN3А allele. Analysis of the actual and theoretical distribution of BLG and IGF1 genotypes of goat genes indicates a genetic equilibrium in the flock. The down productivity of the studied animals is fleece - 680 g, down fineness -19.13 microns, and down length - 9.29 cm. Goats with the IGFAB genotype have more wool than the homozygotic IGFAA genotype. The fat content of the milk ranges from 6.03-6.24%, the protein content is 3.48-3.72%, and the lactose content is 4.56-4.90%. The study of milk quality indicators of Altai white down goats with different genotypes of BLG, IGF, and CSN3 revealed no significant differences. However, goats tend to increase milk fat and caloric content with the IGFAA genotype - 7.62. The studied goats of the Altai white down breed had a high equilibrium of indicators by live weight, length of down, down content in percentage, and down fineness - Cv˂10%.

Goat breeding is an important branch of animal husbandry. Most of the goat population is kept in private farms. The total number of goats is 1.85 million animals. In 2016, a new breed of goats was approved-the Altai White Downy, total number of which is about 18 thousand goals. The article presents data on the study of leather productivity and skin quality of Altai goats by the basic physical and mechanical indicators. The goat hides were examined at the age of 1.5 years, 10 heads of pairs of analogues. It was found that the ratio of the mass of the studied skins to the slaughter mass is on average 9.4±0.26%, and their thickness in different topographic areas from 1.2 to 4.5 mm, which characterizes the goatskins as thick and heavy. All the studied samples were assigned to the steppe class I, and in size to group I. One of the drawbacks of GOST 28425-90 is that goats with a size of more than 24 dm 2 belong to group I; requirements for II, III, and IV groups, unlike the skins of other animal species, are absent. When goats are selected, such an additional sign of productivity as the thickness of the goatskin in the area of cheprak can be taken into account.