A key advancement has been made in the field of creating high-quality seeds, which are distinguished by great homogeneity at the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic levels. The most crucial seed development approach is the pollination process. The findings revealed persistent issues with Egyptian vegetable seed harvests, including low emergence percentage, poor yields, and seed vigor features. Impaired pollination during seed development is frequently blamed for difficulties in increasing the productivity of crops. Therefore, the goal of this study was to better understand how genetic and phenotypic factors that affect squash seed output and quality are influenced by honey bee pollination. The researcher was forced to become familiar with the scientific methodological procedures to improve the plant population and bring them to a state of homogeneity that is close to stability among their individuals in the so-called pre-breeding programs in response to a new reality regarding the trade balance of payments between countries, in which the seed trade occupies an important place. It was determined that there were definite effects on genetic, environmental, and phenotypic parameters from Honeybee pollination with a high pollen-load population. These results fall under the desired pre-breeding objectives, which are focused on highlighting the variations among the population's plants to undertake an effective selection procedure.

Two-field experiments were carried out during two-successive summer-seasons (2015)(2016) at Vegetables-Research-Farm, Kaha-Qalubia-Governorate, Egypt. Study aim to investigate three-dates effect of sowing (1 st -April, mid -April and 1 st -May) and two-mineral nitrogen recommended doses 100 and 50% under field of Etiella zenckenella controlled by (Trichogramma), and their interactions on growthing, nutrient concentration, yield and components of cowpea-plants (Vigna unguiculata L.) "Kafr El-Sheikh cv.". Obtained results showed, first sowing-date was desirable significant effect on growth, yield and components i.e. seed number/pod, weight 100-seeds and seed yield/feddan in both seasons. Also, 1 st -sowing-date×60kg/fed N-dose with Trichogramma releasing recorded, highest vegetative growth characteristics, yield traits, highest nitrogen concentration, phosphorus, potassium and protein-content in seeds. Also, full nitrogen dose (60kg/Fedd.) along with Trichogramma utilization at all sowing-dates gave best growth parameters and seed yield. Infested%/pods decreased after Trichogramma treatments with about 54.1, 42.4 and 39% in 1 st -season and 82.3, 82 and 78.5%, in 2 nd , at 1-April, Mid-April and 1-May, when compared with control. However, significant differences in infested%/pods were observed between three planting-dates. Moreover, infestation% increased by delaying planting-date in both seasons. No significant differences were found in percent reduction of % infested pods between 1 st and 2 nd planting-dates of cowpea treated with Trichogramma. It could be recommended release of egg parasitoid T. evanescens combined with select 1-April planting-date against E. zinckenella.

The current study was carried out at Qaha Vegetable Research Farm (Qalubia Governorate), Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (A. R. C.), Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 on common bean cv Nebraska. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applied antioxidants (ascorbic acid at 100, 200 mg/L and putrescine at 25, 50 mg/L) under water regimes at three levels i.e. 100%. (control), 75% (moderate stress) and 50% (severe stress) of ETo(Evapotranspiration) respectively of water requirements of common bean plants in the two seasons and their interactions on vegetative growth characteristics, dry seed yield and its components and chemical compositions as well as seed quality. The experimental design was split-plot, the water regimes were arranged in the main plots, while foliar spraying with ascorbic acid and putrescine were adopted in the subplots. The obtained results of the treatments showed that foliar spraying with the aqueous solution of putrescine or ascorbic acid at the highest rate of 50 mg/ L or 200 mg/ L respectively under irrigated common bean plants with the moderate water level (75% ETo) markedly increased all of the vegetative growth parameters and dry seed yield and its components. In additions, the same mentioned treatments showed obvious increment in the chemical composition in leaves and dry seeds in both seasons. And led to save a part of the irrigation water (about 25 %) especially under the condition of water stress or drought