В статье представлены результаты исследований возделывания злаковых культур с зернобобовыми в поливидовых посевах для производства сочных кормов. Одним из факторов повышения урожайности надземной биомассы кормовых растений является увеличение листовой поверхности, так как она составляет большую долю выращиваемой продукции. Результаты наших исследований показывают, что в фазу максимального развития (молочно-восковая спелость) в поливидовых посевах площадь листовой поверхности была значительно выше, чем в одновидовых. Биохимический состав зеленой массы кормосмесей представлен основными качественными показателями, такими как: сырой протеин, сырой жир, сырая клетчатка, сырая зола и БЭВ на абсолютно сухое вещество. При анализе полученных данных установлено, что в абсолютно сухих растениях вигны и сои сырого протеина содержится в 2,2-2,5 раза больше, чем в кукурузе и чумизе. В результате опыта выявлены кормосмеси, отличающиеся высоким содержанием сухого вещества: кукуруза в смеси с соей и вигной (8,99 т/га и 8,05 т/га соответственно). Сравнительная оценка вариантов опыта по продуктивности показала, что одновидовые посевы уступали поливидовым. Среди кормосмесей наибольшая урожайность надземной биомассы получена у кукурузы в смеси с вигной-32,22 т/га, у смеси кукуруза с соей урожайность была ниже на 1,6 %, однако сбор сухого вещества и протеина увеличился на 10,4 % и 6,3 % соответственно. Наибольший выход валовой энергии получен при выращивании кукурузы в смеси с соей-154,32 ГДж/га. Интервал изменчивости энергетической ценности в поливидовых посевах составляет 81,34-154,32 ГДж/га.

For the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, plague is a promising forage crop. The article presents the results of assessing the study of the effect of the seeding rate and sowing methods on the yield of seeds of the plague variety Stachumi 3, which made it possible to identify the optimal option for obtaining the maximum yield. The study was carried out on the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and Corn Rossorgo, which is located in the suburban microzone of the Saratov region and is geographically located in the southern part of the chernozem zone of the Lower Volga region. The climate of the region is sharply continental and dry. The soil of the experimental field is southern chernozem. The results obtained were confirmed by the analysis of variance of a two-factor experiment on the study of six gradations of factor A (seeding rate from 1.25 to 7.50 million pcs./ha) and three gradations of factor B (seeding method with row spacing 70, 30 and 15 cm), according to the data of which revealed significant differences in the influence of the seeding rate on the yield of plague seeds. On average, over four years of study (2013-2016), the highest yield in the experiment was obtained at a seeding rate of 1.25 million pcs./ha with a wide-row sowing method with a row spacing of 70 cm - 2.13 t/ha, when sowing the same the norm with a decrease in the width of the row spacing to 30 cm, the yield decreased by 22.6 %. In the most favorable year in terms of moisture in 2013 (GTC = 1.7), the maximum yield in the experiment was obtained at a seeding rate of 2.50 million pcs./ha and amounted to 3.81 t /ha. The tendency of decrease in the yield of plague seeds with an increase in the seeding rate has been established. The lowest yield in the experiment was obtained with an ordinary sowing method (15 cm) and a seeding rate of 7.50 million pcs./ha - 0.36 t/ha. The main share in the manifestation of the trait over the three years of study was made by factor A (seeding rate) and amounted to 77.6-80.7% of the total sum of squares, and in 2016 the share of the influence of this factor was 29.5 % only. Factor B (sowing method) in 2013-2015 accounts for from 8.0 % to 13.8 %, and in 2016 the share of the studied factor increased upto 62.1 %. The proportional participation of the interaction of AB factors varied insignificantly over the years of the study.

No abstract

No abstract

In order to develop stable feed agrophytocenoses, the most promising and low-cost direction in feed production is the cultivation of companion sowings. In order to study the productivity of complex cenoses of annual feed crops together with soybean there were field trials laid on the experimental plots of the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo” in 2015–2017. The purpose of the current study was to substantiate scientifically and practically the development of highly productive agrophytocenoses of annual feed crops in companion sowings with soybean. The analysis of green and dry biomass productivity values showed that in singlemillet species crops, the productivity was higher than in companion sowings with soybean, this is explained by the lower productivity of the legume component. The highest mean productivity of aboveground biomass for three years of study (18.84 t/ha) was given by Japanese millet in its pure form. Siberian and Italian millet formed mean productivity of 16.13 and 15.60 t/ha, respectively. The current paper has presented data on productivity and has studied feed advantages of single-species and two-species sowings. The introduction of soybean in the composition of companion sowings has increased the protein percentage on 26.75–30.78% in dry biomass of feed mixtures in comparison with single-species crops. Aboveground biomass of complex agrocenoses contained more oil, ash and less fiber. According to the variants of the trial, the oil content varied from 2.15 to 5.40%, with the maximum amount identified in soybean in its pure form (5.40%), and the minimum value of this trait was obtained in Japanese millet in its pure form (2.15%). It is worth noting that it is advisable to cultivate annual crops for feed purposes together with soybean, since the feed value of the cutting mass significantly improves.