Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted agent worldwide. Early prevention with HPV vaccination is a safe and effective method against this disease. HPV vaccines provided more protection against several oncogenic HPV strains. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines have been approved to target high-risk HPV types and protect against HPV-related disorders. These existing vaccines are based on the recombinant DNA technology and purified L1 protein that is assembled to form HPV empty shells. The prophylactic vaccines are highly immunogenic and can induce production of specific neutralizing antibodies. However, therapeutic vaccines are different from these prophylactic vaccines. They induced cell-mediated immunity against transformed cells, instead of neutralizing antibodies. The second generation of prophylactic HPV vaccines, made from alternative viral components using cost-effective production strategies, is undergoing clinical evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete and up-to-date review of the types of HPV vaccines and the efficiency of each of them for readers.

β‐d‐Mannuronic acid (M2000), a novel non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) with immunosuppressive properties, has been previously shown to exhibit potential therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases. Immunosuppression therapy has been a standard approach for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for many years. We evaluated the effect of M2000 on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with MDS. The PBMCs were isolated from 13 patients with MDS and 13 normal donors. The cells were then treated with low, moderate, and high doses of M2000 and diclofenac as a control group. The level of interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐3, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) gene expression and the serum level of IL‐6 and TNF‐α production were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. Our findings indicated a significant reduction in the production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α as inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the level of G‐CSF gene expression was significantly increased. In conclusion, M2000, a newly designed NSAID, has a remarkable effect on isolated PBMC in patients with MDS, which might bring a potential hope for its oral administrations in these patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a long-term autoimmune disease is characterized by pain, swelling and joints destruction. The therapeutic efficacy of Guluronic acid (G2013) (patented, DEU: 102016113017.6) was reported in phase I/II clinical trial in RA patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of G2013 as a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with immunosuppressive property on genes expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines and their transcription factors in the blood sample of RA patients. This study was performed on 12 patients with RA who had an inadequate response to conventional treatments which were disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), NSAID, and biologics. G2013 was administered orally at a dose of 500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Before and after the treatment of patients with drug G2013, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for evaluating the gene expression level of interleukin 10 (IL10), interleukin 22 (IL22), interferon γ (IFNγ), and transcription factors specific to the T helper cell lineages, forkhead box P3 (Fox-P3), Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and T-box–containing protein expressed in T cells (T-bet) using the real-time PCR method. Since these cytokines have a key role in the progression of RA and disease condition expected induction of IFNγ, AHR, IL22, T-bet, and reduction of IL10, Fox-P3. Results indicated a significant reduction in the level of IFNγ, AHR and a significant induction in IL10, Fox-P3 gene expression in comparison with the control group. In conclusion; the results of this investigation showed a part of the immunological mechanism of G2013 as a novel anti-inflammatory that could reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine and their transcription factors. Furthermore, it increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine and its transcription factor (clinical trial identifier: IRCT2016092813739N5).

Natural killer (NK) cell behavior and function are controlled by a balance between negative or positive signals generated by an extensive array of activating and inhibiting receptors, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins, main components of the innate immune system that contribute to initial responses against viral infected-transformed cells through generation of the release of cytokines and cytotoxicity. What is certain is that KIRs are genetically polymorphic and the extent of KIRs diversity within the individuals may have the potential outcomes for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this regard, recent studies suggest that KIR is as imperative as its ligand (HLA) in stem cell transplantation for malignant diseases. However, unlike HLA epitope mismatches, which are well-known causes of NK alloreactivity, a complete understanding of KIR genes' role in HSCT remains unclear. Because of genetic variability in KIR gene content, allelic polymorphism, and cell-surface expression among individuals, an appropriate selection of donors based on HLA and KIR profiles is crucial to improve outcomes of stem cell transplantation. In addition, the impact of the KIR/HLA interaction on HSCT outcomes needs to be investigated more comprehensively. The present work aimed to review the NK cell regeneration, KIR gene polymorphisms, and KIR-ligand binding on outcomes in hematologic malignancies following haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Comprehensive data gathered from the literature can provide new insight into the significance of KIR matching status in transplantations.

Background KIR/HLA mismatch in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), was related to decreased recurrence rates, improved engraftment, and a reduction in graft-versus-host disease, according to recent research (GVHD). Uncertainty exists about the impact of KIR/HLA mismatch on haploidentical-HSCTs treated with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy). We attempted to analyze the effects of KIR/HLA mismatch on clinical outcomes on transplant outcomes using the cohort of 54 AML patients who received a haplo-HSCT with PTCy. Results In contrast to KIR/HLA match, our findings showed that donor KIR/HLA mismatch was substantially associated with superior OS (HR, 2.92; (P = 0.04)). Moreover, donor KIR/HLA mismatch (KIR2DS1D/C2+R and KIR2DS2D/C1+R mismatch versus KIR2DL1D/C2−R mm, KIR2DL2/3D/C1−R mm and KIR3DL1D/Bw4− mm) was correlated with the improvements in OS (HR, 0.74; P = 0.085) and activating. KIR/HLA mismatch versus KIR/HLA match was significantly correlated with improvements in OS (HR, .46; P = 0.03) and inhibitory. KIR/HLA mismatch versus KIR/HLA match was enhancement in the OS (HR, .93; P = 0.06). Despite a higher rate of aGvHD (grade I-IV) in the patients with KIR/HLA mismatch compared to KIR/HLA matched (57% vs. 33% (p = 0.04). However, the KIR/HLA mismatch group saw a decreased relapse rate (3.2% vs. 23%, p = 0.04). Conclusion This analysis shows the significance of KIR/HLA Incompatibility, other clinical variables like CMV, the relationship between donor/recipient and donor age, and the relationship between donor/recipient and donor age in the haplo-donor selection process. It also suggests that KIR and HLA mismatching between donor and recipient could be routinely performed for haplo-donor selection and may improve clinical outcomes after haplo-HSCTs with PTCy.