This review highlights the recent advances of chemical approaches for electronic doping to aid the future development of next-generation photovoltaic materials.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the innovativeness-related language of crowdfunding pitches on funding outcomes under different boundary conditions specified by two context-relevant signals, entrepreneurial passion and social endorsement.Design/methodology/approachThis study develops six hypotheses about the focal impacts of innovativeness-related language (i.e. incremental and radical) and the moderating effects of entrepreneurial passion and social endorsement. The hypotheses are tested with a sample of 1,057 real projects collected from a typical platform with a computer-aided content analysis method.FindingsThis study finds that pitches containing more incremental innovativeness language can generate more funds and that those containing more radical innovativeness language can lead to less favorable funding outcomes. While incremental innovativeness language interacts with entrepreneurial passion language to positively affect funding outcomes, radical innovativeness language requires social endorsement to diminish its negative effect on funding outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThis study demonstrates that the content of messages of entrepreneurial narratives does indeed drive funding success in the context of reward-based crowdfunding and confirms the relevance of the consumer perspective of reward-based crowdfunding by using a real dataset.Originality/valueThis work joins a number of entrepreneurial narrative studies investigating the impacts of the innovativeness-related language of pitches (issue-relevant content) and their interactions with informational signals (i.e. entrepreneurial passion and social endorsement) on funding outcomes in the context of reward-based crowdfunding.

Power angle stability of power systems is one of the main factors which restricts the power transmission capacity. In order to prevent the power angle instability of power systems, phase sequence exchange (PSE) is a recently developed emergency control technique that reduces the power angle by 120°. This paper proposes a new phase sequence exchange technology based on a modular multi-level converter (MMC). In this paper, the concept of deceleration area ratio is proposed, that is used to characterize the power angle stability of the power system, and the phase sequence exchange theory based on an MMC is analyzed. A phase sequence exchange circuit based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC) is designed. In this paper, the system parameters of the MMC-based PSE are optimized. Finally, a model is developed on PSCAD. The simulation results show that the MMC-based phase sequence exchange technology can effectively improve the power angle stability of the power system.