Bioactive patterns: Green fluorescent protein has been immobilized with nanoscale resolution by streptavidin–biotin binding. High‐resolution patterning of the protein on organosilane self‐assembled monolayers can be achieved by electron beam lithography (see epifluorescence image). The technique produces protein nanoscale patterns with maintained bioactivity and high signal‐to‐noise ratio.

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YBa,Cu,O,_. powder was calcined by using an Nd: yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) laser and then theYBa,Cu,O,_, samples were processed by two different techniques: one by conventional sintering and the other by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). It was determined that reinforcement with Ag fibres and HIP produced the best results without degrading the superconducting properties. In this paper, physical and mechanical properties of HIP-processed and Ag-fibre-reinforced 123-based superconductors are discussed and compared with the properties of unreinforced and conventionally sintered samples. Finally, significantly improved mechanical properties s u c h as fracture roughness and fracture energy, obtained by a multi-stage processing, are reported.

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We propose a novel process for preferential immobilization of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) onto organosilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates. One of the advantages of using the organosilane SAM as the template is that it is electron-beam sensitive and, by utilizing the SAM as an alternative resist film, we can make nanopatterns on a molecular scale because the proximity effect is negligible owing to the film's thinness. An other advantage is that the organosilane SAM is repellent to both DNA and GFP. Thus, the patterned SAM can be utilized as the passivation film covering the outside of the pattern while DNA and GFP are immobilized within the pattern. We investigate two kinds of organosilane SAMs for the template. One is n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS) SAM, and the other is 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FDS) SAM. Our results indicate that the ODS SAM is more repellent to DNA than the FDS SAM and is suitable for DNA immobilization, while the FDS SAM template is suitable for GFP immobilization via biotin-avidin coupling because the FDS SAM surface prevents the nonspecific adsorption of streptavidin. Although the nonspecific adsorption of DNA and GFP on a SAM is also recognized, by controlling both the concentration and the incubation time, we can immobilize DNA and GFP preferentially onto nanopatterns of 100 nm diameter.