The dynamic optical properties of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals were studied by means of time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at room temperature. The PL peak under one-photon excitation exhibits a red-shift with elapsing time, while two-photon PL is time-independent and appears at lower energy levels. The low-energy two-photon PL can be attributed to emissions from the localized states because of strong band-to-band absorption and photon re-absorption of the emitted light in the interior region. We revealed that the PL behaviors can be explained by the diffusion of photocarriers generated in the near-surface region to the interior region. The excitation fluence dependence of the one-photon PL dynamics is also discussed in terms of the electron-hole radiative recombination and carrier diffusion effects.

This work provides an efficient way to facilitate both electron and hole extraction in the designated interfaces of perovskite solar cells. A record power conversion efficiency of 23.6% for mixed Sn–Pb perovskite solar cell devices is realized.

The dynamical processes of radiative recombination of photocarriers and reabsorption of emitted photons in CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 single crystals are studied using time-resolved two-photon-excitation photoluminescence (PL) microscopy. We find that the PL spectrum and its decay dynamics depend on the excitation depth profile. As the excitation depth increases, the PL spectrum becomes asymmetric, the peak energy redshifts, and the PL decay time becomes longer. These observations can be well explained by a simple model including photon recycling (photon emission and reabsorption) in thick samples with strong band-to-band transitions and high radiative recombination efficiencies.