Numerous radioecological models have been developed to predict radionuclides transfer from contaminated soils to the food chain, which is an essential step in preparing and responding to nuclear emergencies.However, the lessons learned from the application of the existing models to predict soil-to-plant transfer of radiocaesium (RCs) following the Fukushima accident in 2011 renewed interest in RCs transfer modelling.To help guide and prioritise further research in relation to modelling RCs transfer in terrestrial environments, we critically reviewed existing models focusing on transfer to food crops and animal fodders.

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In this study, the effects of incubation time and the method of soil solution extraction and filtration on the empirical distribution coefficient (K) obtained by de-sorbing indigenous selenium (Se) and iodine (I) from arable and woodland soils under temperate conditions were investigated. Incubation time had a significant soil- and element-dependent effect on the K values, which tended to decrease with the incubation time. Generally, a four-week period was sufficient for the desorption K value to stabilise. Concurrent solubilisation of soil organic matter (OM) and release of organically-bound Se and I was probably responsible for the observed decrease in K with time. This contrasts with the conventional view of OM as a sink for Se and I in soils. Selenium and I K values were not significantly affected by the method of soil solution extraction and filtration. The results suggest that incubation time is a key criterion when selecting Se and I K values from the literature for risk assessments. Values derived from desorption of indigenous soil Se and I might be most appropriate for long-term assessments since they reflect the quasi-equilibrium state of their partitioning in soils.

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Radioecological models used to make predictions of the radionuclide activity concentrations in human foodstuffs must be sufficiently robust and fit for purpose with uncertainties reduced where practicable. The CONFIDENCE project had a work package with the objective to improve the capabilities of radioecological models and this paper presents the key findings of this work. Recommendations for future radioecological studies/model developments are made based on the findings of the work conducted and consultations with end-users.