Objective. To describe the epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) that occurred in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 1 January 2017 – 31 July 2017. Methods. A descriptive, quantitative, retrospective approach analyzed secondary data obtained from the national notification systems, Information System of Diseases Notifications (SINAN), Laboratory Environment Manager (GAL), and the Espírito Santo Health Secretariat (SESA). Results. From 1 January 2017 – 8 July 2017, a total of 824 cases were reported in Espírito Santo, 307 (37%) of which were confirmed as YF. Of these, 95 (30.9%) died from the disease. Men were those most affected, corresponding to 244 (79.5%) cases, and women to 63 (20.5%) cases. The greatest incidence rate registered was in the city of Santa Leopoldina (380.2 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The outbreak evolved rapidly and a response was possible due to a multidisciplinary group created specifically to tackle the YF outbreak. Conclusions. The data were received and analyzed quickly and the response, consisting of immediate treatment of the cases and a blocking vaccination strategy, was developed to halt the progression of this fatal disease. In spite of these efforts, the case fatality rate of yellow fever remained high.
Para descrever a distribuição temporal e espacial da Chikungunya no estado do Espírito Santo foi realizado um estudo descritivo e ecológico, entre 2014 e 2017. Foram analisadas as notificações do SINAN e os resultados laboratoriais do GAL, organizados pelo programa Excel e analisados pelo programa SPSS e o software ArcGIS para construir os mapas. Registrou-se um aumento progressivo dos casos desde 2015, com a incidência em 2017 (12,8/100mil habitantes) dobrando em relação a 2016 (6,3/100mil habitantes). Dos pacientes confirmados 392 (66,9%) foram mulheres e 194 (33,1%) homens. A cor parda foi a mais frequente e 15% da população tinha escolaridade de ensino médio completo. A faixa etária de 41 a 60 anos foi a mais acometida. Os sinais e sintomas mais comuns foram: febre (85,5%), artralgia (79,7%), mialgia (78,3%), cefaléia (67,4%). Cerca de 16,4% da população descrevia alguma comorbidade. Foram confirmados 288 (49,1%) por exames laboratoriais. O caráter epidêmico da Chikungunya com elevada taxa de morbidade associada à artralgia persistente, tendo como consequência a redução da produtividade e da qualidade de vida,apontam a necessidade dos serviços de saúde se organizarem para o melhor enfrentamento da doença e disponibilizar um atendimento adequado, multiprofissional e ofertado na atenção primária de saúde.
lung infection at necropsy and/or arterial hypertrophy greater than Heath-Edwards' 1st degree. Immunohistochemical technique was applied to identify the cell phenotypes and the cytokines in situ. BALT was identified in all cases in this study. The main cellular phenotypes in BALT were T helper (TH) and B lymphocytes surrounded by T cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells in less quantities. Interleukin 10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha were the predominant cytokines in BALT without antigenic stimuli. BALT is an important structure of the lung immune system in infants, with a tendency to maintain an environment favorable to the Th2 arm of immune response. It needs more exploration to define its behavior in front of infections, especially those with pulmonary tropism.
ResumoPara descrever a distribuição temporal e espacial da Chikungunya, no estado do Espírito Santo, foi realizado um estudo descritivo e ecológico, entre 2014 e 2017. Foram analisadas as notificações do SINAN -Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, organizadas pelo programa Excel e analisadas pelo programa SPSS e o software ArcGIS para construir os mapas. Registrou-se um aumento progressivo dos casos desde 2015, com a incidência em 2017 (12,8/100mil habitantes) dobrando em relação a 2016 (6,3/100mil habitantes). Dos pacientes confirmados, 392 (66,9%) foram mulheres e 194 (33,1%) homens. A cor parda foi a mais frequente e 15% da população tinha escolaridade de ensino médio completo. A faixa etária de 41 a 60 anos foi a mais acometida. Os sinais e sintomas mais comuns foram: febre (85,5%), artralgia (79,7%), mialgia (78,3%), cefaléia (67,4%). Cerca de 16,4% da população descrevia alguma comorbidade. Foram confirmados 288 (49,1%) por exames laboratoriais. O caráter epidêmico da Chikungunya com elevada taxa de morbidade associada à artralgia persistente, tendo como consequência a redução da produtividade e da qualidade de vida, apontam a necessidade dos serviços de saúde se organizarem para o melhor enfrentamento da doença e disponibilizar um atendimento adequado, multiprofissional e ofertado na atenção primária de saúde. AbstractIn order to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of Chikungunya in Espírito Santo, it was made an observational study between 2014 and 2017. We analyzed the notifications in SINAN and organized it at the Excel program. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS and Arc-GIS software to construct the maps. A progressive rise in the numbers of cases was registered since 2015, and the incidence in 2017 (12,8/100.000 habitants) doubled in relation to 2016 (6,3/100.000 habitants). From the confirmed patients, 392 (66,9%) were women and 194 (33,1%) were men. The brown-skinned people and those between 41-60 year-old were the most affected and 15% of the population had high-school level of education. The most common signs and symptoms were: fever (85,5%), arthralgias (79,7%), myalgias (78,3%), headache (67,4%). Approximately 16,4% of the population informed any comorbidity. 288 cases (49,1%) were confirmed by laboratory. The epidemic profile of Chikungunya, with high morbidity rates, associated to persistent arthralgias, resulting in productivity reduction and quality of life, suggest the urgent need of better organization of the health services to face the disease and provide an appropriate and multiprofessional service in public health departments.
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