Light Rail Transit (LRT), integrated with river transportation as a unique city and tourist attraction, is important in supporting smart cities. This study aims to assess the possibilities of river transportation users who use LRT as an advanced mode and its supporting infrastructure. This research is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Primary data is obtained from a survey of the movement of river transportation users from outside the city to Palembang City and has the potential to continue their journey using the LRT. Interviews were also conducted with respondents covering the respondents' travel destination, travel destination, and reasons. The study results indicate that the use of river transportation from within the city, which gets off at the pier and does not continue the journey as much as 75%, and the rest will continue the journey using the LRT mode only 16%. Meanwhile, 29.5% of river transport users from outside the city disembark at the pier. The remaining 53% continue their journey with the potential to use LRT, which is a reasonably high percentage if it can be appropriately managed. The availability of a variety of public transportation that can park near the pier at a cheaper rate is the main cause of their lack of interest in using the LRT mode. The proposed supporting infrastructure for integration between river transport and LRT is the pedestrian path.

In recent years, the government has been aggressively inviting the public to use public transportation for all regional residents in Indonesia. Mattson et al. (2021) stated that transportation and accessibility in the village are more comprehensive and have more complex transportation issues. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure rural transportation services to improve public transportation performance in the Pringsewu Regency. This study uses a mixed-method and combines quantitative and qualitative data at one time (Creswell, 2014). The data is analyzed quantitatively and then explained based on existing conditions and provisional assumptions. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field surveys on four rural transportation routes in Pringsewu Regency to obtain data on load factors, vehicle speed, waiting time, travel time, frequency/hour, and the number of vehicles operating from each route. Furthermore, the data is evaluated and given an assessment based on the suitability of indicators based on the assessment standard from the Directorate General of Land Transportation, Ministry of Transportation. Secondary data was obtained from Statistics Indonesia publications, official documents, and government websites. The analysis results showed that rural transportation services in the Pringsewu regency were below the ideal standard (70%), with an average loading factor of 40—50%, which is included in the bad category. This is estimated to be influenced by several factors, namely the low level of load factor and headway. The recommendation put forward is the need for efforts to add headways and increase the speed of travel time and reduce the frequency of trips to improve transportation performance.

This study aims to analyze the cost of subsidies and the opportunity to implement Buy the Service (BTS) for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Padang Panjang City. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. Primary data collection includes observation and distribution questionnaires with respondents using public and non-public transport users. The information obtained from the distribution of questionnaires is the origin of the destination, characteristics of public transportation behavior, and the willingness to pay of the community towards public transportation modes that follow public transportation service standards. The operational costs of public vehicles are obtained from the survey results of the basic costs of public transportation, which consist of direct and indirect costs. The results of this study formulate 3 (three) main route trajectories scenarios and cost analysis of BTS implementation that meets Minimum Service Standards (SPM). The estimated subsidy cost for implementing BTS in the three main corridors is 10.09 billion, with the highest subsidy cost being in corridor 1. which is 4.41 billion but has a smaller headway than the other two corridors. The results of this study also recommend the need for continuous socialization to the community regarding the ease and convenience of using BRT as well as equalizing perceptions between local governments and operators regarding the mechanism for providing BRT subsidies.