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INTRODUCTION-HIV/AIDS pandemic is responsible for the resurgence of Tuberculosis worldwide, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Co-infection with HIV infection leads to difficulty in both the diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculosis, increased risk of death, treatment failure and relapse. OBJECTIVE-The present study highlights the correlation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV positive cases and its association with CD 4 count. MATERIAL & METHODS-A total of 72 known case of HIV were screened for tuberculosis infection by clinical examination, radiology & ZN staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS-From our study 60 (83.33%) were diagnosed as tuberculosis and 12 (16.67%) were negative. More common HIV infection in case of male 48 (66.67%). Out of 60 tuberculosis infection 53 (88.33%) were diagnosed as Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 7 (11.67%) were diagnosed as Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. The result of study emphasizes that co-infection of tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patient is a concern. There is direct correlation between CD 4 counts depletion and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patients.

BACKGROUNDUrinary tract infections (UTI) are the common bacterial infections during pregnancy. It may involve the lower urinary tract or bladder. The majority of UTI occur due to ascending infection. Untreated UTI can be associated with serious obstetric complications.The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of UTI, proper screening and treatment of pregnant woman is necessary to prevent complications. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study included 350 cases of pregnant women over a period of 1 year. UTI was diagnosed using mid-stream (MSU) culture using > 10 5 colony forming unit per millilitre as a significant level of bacteriuria. RESULTSA total of 350 samples were processed during the study period, of which 98 cases showed significant growth making prevalence of 28%. There was a high incidence in 21 -25 years' age group (48.97%). There was also high incidence of infection in the third trimester of pregnancy (73.46%) compared to first (7.14%) and second trimester (19.38%). Multiparity is associated with increased urinary tract infection in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONThe present study shows the prevalence rate of 28% of UTI among pregnant women. These findings underscore the importance of screening of all pregnant women for significant bacteriuria, so that positive cases should be treated subsequently with antibiotics in order to reduce the adverse effects on both maternal and foetal health.

ABSTRACT-INTRODUCTION-The Menisci are semi-lunar crescent shaped fibro-cartilages which serve to widen and deepen the articulation of tibial surfaces that receive the femur condyles forming the knee joint. OBJECTIVE-To assess the incidence of different shapes of the medial and lateral meniscus and the incidence of discoid meniscus in the North Indian population. METHODS-The study included 112 menisci from 56 adult cadavers knee joint irrespective of sex that were preserved in 10% formalin. After methodical dissection procedure the morphological variants of the shape of menisci were macroscopically noted and classified. The medial menisci were sub-grouped as crescent-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped, C-shaped and sickle shaped. Lateral menisci were sub-grouped as crescent-shaped, C-shaped and discoid-shaped. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS-In the present study, 80% of the medial menisci were crescent shaped, 12.8% were V-shaped while 7.2% sickle-shaped. Among the lateral menisci, maximum number of specimen were C-shaped i.e. 78% followed by crescent shaped in 19% and discoid shaped in 3% specimen. Knowledge of various shapes of meniscii would be useful for health professionals who treat athletes with suspected meniscal tear.

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