This research analyzes the determinants of liquidity risk in Islamic banks by using a comprehensive model that incorporates several variables that impact the liquidity of Islamic banks. A panel data analysis is conducted on a sample of 42 Islamic banks from 15 countries between 2007 and 2014. The results show a negative correlation between liquidity risk and cash ratio, as the cash balance can be used to meet any demands for liquidity from the bank's customers. There is negative correlation between liquidity risk and securities held by the bank, since banks which need liquidity can sell these assets to meet any liquidity shortages they face. Bank size also has a negative relationship with liquidity risk, as larger banks tend to have more stability and customers feel safer dealing with large banks. Bank's equity also has a negative correlation with liquidity risk, as equity is a more stable source of funding for banks, a higher ratio of equity lowers liquidity risk. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship with high profit assets, as banks shift their portfolio towards more profitable assets in order to increase their earnings, they face greater liquidity risk, a positive relationship also exists with bad finance provision. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that the relationship between bank size and liquidity risk is not linear.

This research analyzes the determinants of bank profitability by investigating the internal factors that affect the profitability of Islamic banks and conventional banks. It then compares the results from the two types in order to understand how they differ from each other. As previous researchers focus on either Islamic or conventional banks, this research will analyze both by comparing how they are each influenced by profitability factors. Few researches have attempted to compare the profitability of Islamic and conventional banks using a relatively small sample. This research uses a fixed effect panel data analysis on a large sample of 68 banks (42 Islamic and 26 conventional banks) from 13 MENA countries, covering the period of 2006 until 2016. Using several variables, including bank size, equities to assets, loans to assets, deposits to assets, cash to assets and securities to assets, the results show that bank size, equities to assets and deposits to assets have a significant positive effect on Islamic banks’ profitability, while they have a significant negative effect on conventional banks’ profitability; loans to assets and cash to assets have no effect on bank profitability for either Islamic or conventional banks; and securities to assets has a significant negative effect on Islamic banks’ profitability, while it has a significant positive effect on conventional banks’ profitability. The results also show that bank size, equities to assets, deposits to assets and cash to assets contribute more to Islamic banks’ profitability compared to conventional banks, while loans to assets and securities to assets contribute more to conventional banks’ profitability compared to Islamic banks.

This research has investigated the effect of the recent financial crisis on the value of cash holding among a sample of 80 non-financial listed firms from Jordan during the period 2001-2011. Using fixed-effect panel data analysis, the study has shown that cash is valued at a discount in Jordan since the corporate governance system is weak, investors have poor protection, and free cash flow and agency problems exist. As a result of the financial crisis, external financing has become more difficult and expensive, thus, causing shareholders in Jordan to value cash at a premium since the crisis. Also, considering Jordan as a special setting, debt financing is less preferred for religious reasons, which means that a higher level of cash holding is considered to be positively related to firm value.

This research analyses the effects of the bank size and it financing to customer on credit risk, only few researches considered credit risk of Islamic banks by only focus on the determinants of credit risk, in this research, the authors considered a specific issue which is the size of both; the bank itself and the size of their financing to client. Using a sample of 48 Islamic banks from 16 countries around the world over the period from 2008 to 2018, a fixed effect panel data analysis has been applied, the results show that there is a negative relationship between the bank size and credit risk, a negative relationship between the financing to customer and credit risk, and a negative relationship between capital to assets ratio and credit risk.

This research aims to gauge the effect of cash holdings on Jordanian companies’ value and to detect whether there is a non-linear association between them. By conducting a multivariate regression on 86 non-financial companies listed on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period from 2006 to 2017. The results of the research reveal that there is a significantly positive association between cash holdings and firm value. The study also shows the positive impacts of financial leverage and revenues growth on firm value, while the results show that a size of a company has a negative effect on a value of a company. Moreover, the study notices that there is no optimal level to reserve some cash in order to increase firm value in Jordan. The methodology of the study depends on the work of Martínez-Sola, García-Teruel, and Martínez-Solano (2013) and Nguyen, Nguyen, and Le (2016). This research documents a substantial contribution to the existing research works that investigate the association between cash holdings and firm value in an emerging market like Jordan. Moreover, the findings are recognized to be an interest to policymakers, scholars, and potential investors.