These findings, in conjunction with those from Europe and North America, show that resin-bonded FPD technology is as successful in a developing country as in industrialized areas of the world.

Abstract:Objectives: The efficacy of a commercially available toothpowder was compared with toothpaste in removing extrinsic dental stains. Methods:In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 77 volunteers were included from a residential professional college. All study subjects (control toothpaste users and test toothpowder users) plaque control measures. All study subjects were instructed to rinse with 5 ml 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute, twice and one cup of double tea bag solution three times daily for three weeks. Subjects were randomized into test (n=36) and control (n=36) groups. Toothpaste (control) and toothpowder (test) was used for two weeks to see the effects on removing stains on the labial surfaces of 12 anterior teeth. For measuring dental extrinsic stains Lobene Stain Index (SI) was used.

The objective of this study was to determine the difficulties faced by house officers during endodontic procedures and refine the quality of therapy provided to masses. METHODOLOGY: A detailed survey form was given out to a total of 350 dental house officers, collected from seven different dental institutes in Karachi. A total of 60-80 survey forms were given out to each college, depending on the strength of house officers present, out of which 50 forms, on average, were returned and results were tabulated. The supervisor to house officer ratio recorded on average from these institutes was 1:7. WHO Calculator was used on the sample size of 350 entries and SPSS Version 22 was used to analyze the results. RESULT: The current study displays that majority of the house officers faced immense difficulties in the cleaning and shaping task of the endodontic procedure such as in cleaning and shaping and less problems were encountered when access opening and initial instrumentation were concerned. The most common difficulty faced by the house officers was that apical perforation resulted during the procedure (51.4%) followed by loss of estimated WL (51.1%), ledge formation (40.9%), file separation (39.1%), whereas using accessory GP while obturations was recorded as the most frequently encountered problem (56%). CONCLUSION: The current study displays the most commonly faced difficulties by fresh dental graduates during their house job. The major difficulties were faced during cleaning and shaping owing to increased incidence of ledge formation, apical perforation and loss of working length. Majority of the cases revealed gutta purcha extruding or short of the apex. Difficulty in administering IANB was also highly noted.

Objective: To compare the mean Sound, Eye and Motor (SEM) score of pre cooling and topical application atinjection site in pediatric patients. Study Design: A quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Fatima Jinnah Dental College and Hospital, Karachi, from Sep to Dec 2017. Methodology: Sixty four paediatric patients aged between 8-12 who needed dental anaesthesia were randomlydivided into two groups A and B. Subjects in group A were applied topical anaesthesia at the injection site for one minute before needle penetration and in group B ice pack was applied for the same duration at the injection site. A designed questionnaire based on SEM scale was used to measure the patients‟ reaction. Independent-samples t-test was applied to compare the mean SEM score of both groups by taking p-value ≤0.05 as significant. Results: The mean sound, eye and motor (SEM) score was 5.22 ± 1.718 for group A and 3.28 ± 1.373 for group B;with statistically significant differences between both the groups (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Injection of local anaesthesia at a precooled site results in lesser pain and thus decreased childanxiety levels, more effective analgesia and increased patient comfort.

Aims: Out of many properties that an endodontic disinfecting agent should possess, the most important is that of having a wide range of antibacterial efficacy. This study has been performed to see the effect of different agents on the bacterial microflora and to see how efficient they are against them. Our study has used 3 different agents (Chlorohexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite, and Neem extract) and compared their efficacy against bacterial microflora. Study Design: Experimental study design Place and Duration: The study was conducted in the Department of Endodontics at Fatima Jinnah Dental College and Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from February 2020 to March 2020. Methodology: Infected samples from individuals were collected through paper points and then allowed to be cultured and incubated on blood agar plates at 37 degrees in an incubator for 24 hours. The colonies were then identified through the gram staining procedure and grown on MHA agar to conduct the disk diffusion test for sensitivity. Individual zones of inhibition for irrigants were measured and compared against each other. Results: A total of 36 infected samples were included in the study out of which 12 samples were irrigated with chlorohexidine, 12 with sodium hypochlorite, and 12 with neem extract. there was a statistically significant difference in mean diameters of the inhibition zone observed between the three groups for the mean inhibition zone (F=12.28, P=0.001). Conclusion: Chlorohexidine showed greater efficacy against bacterial microflora, compared to both sodium hypochlorite and neem extract.