BACKGROUND: The popular commercially cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom contains very high nutrients and bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract seems to be the most active in preparation. AIM: This study has an aim to compare the phytochemical analysis of a fresh, dry and ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, to measure the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus. METHODS: The fresh plant's materials (FPM), dry plants materials (DPM), ethanolic extracts were macerated with 70% (EE70) and 96% ethanol (EE96) of Pleurotus ostreatus which were used for phytochemical analysis, and EE96 was used for antioxidant activity in vitro. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the Dragendorf and Meyer, FeCl3 test, Salkowsky method, Lieberman method, amyl alcohol, foam test and the NaOH reagent. The total phenol test was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS and H2O2 essay. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening showed that the flavonoid, phenolic compounds, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and steroids were detected in the FPM, DPM, EE70 and also the EE96. The alkaloid, however, was not identified by the Meyer Reagent in the FPM and DPM. The DPM and EE70 seemed to have the highest amount of saponin based on the foam that was formed. Meanwhile, steroids and flavonoids were detected at a higher level in the EE96, based on the strength of visible colour. However, triterpenoid and quinones could not be identified. In the total phenol test, there was an amount of 6.67 μg phenol in a 1 mg extract sample which was equivalent to 1 mg of Gallic Acid. The EE96 has an IC50 of 108.07 μg/mL for ABTS and an IC50 reduction of 229.17 μg/mL. The process of Pleurotus ostreatus drying did not reduce the content of active substances. The polar active substances seem to be more soluble in the EE70 than the EE96. CONCLUSION: The higher the bioactive substances in the preparation, the more significant the bio-therapeutic effects. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a phenol content and a good antioxidant action.

Background:Many studies showed a better recovery of cognitive function after administration of exogenous lactate during moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. However, the study evaluating lactate effect on mild traumatic brain injury is still limited.Aims:To evaluate the effect of exogenous lactate on cognitive function in mild traumatic brain injury patients.Settings and Design:Prospective, single blind, randomized controlled study on 60 mild traumatic brain injury patients who were undergoing neurosurgery.Materials and Methods:Subjects were randomly assigned into hyperosmolar sodium lactate (HSL) group or hyperosmolar sodium chloride (HSS) group. Patients in each group received either intravenous infusion of HSL or NaCl 3% at 1.5 ml/KgBW within 15 min before neurosurgery. During the surgery, patients in both groups received maintenance infusion of NaCl 0.9% at 1.5 ml/KgBW/hour.Statistical Analysis:Cognitive function, as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at 24 h, 30 and 90 days post-surgery, was analyzed by Anova repeated measures test.Results:The MMSE score improvement was significantly better in HSL group than HSS group (P < 0.001). In HSL group the MMSE score improved from 16.00 (13.75-18.00) at baseline to 21.00 (18.75-22.00); 25.00 (23.75-26.00); 28.00 (27.00-29.00) at 24 h, 30, 90 days post-surgery, respectively. In contrast, in HSS group the MMSE score almost unchanged at 24 h and only slightly increased at 30 and 90 days post-surgery.Conclusions:Hyperosmolar sodium lactate infusion during mild traumatic brain injury improved cognitive function better than sodium chloride 3%.

AbstrakDeksametason merupakan kortikosteroid yang memiliki efek anti-inflamasi paling kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan deksametason 10 mg dengan deksametason 15 mg intravena prabedah terhadap nyeri pascabedah dan kebutuhan analgetik opioid. Penelitian ini merupakan uji acak terkontrol buta ganda pada 60 wanita dengan status fisik American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) I-II yang menjalani pembedahan radikal mastektomi termodifikasi dalam anestesi umum di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode Desember 2013-April 2014. Pasien dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu 30 orang menerima deksametason 10 mg dan 30 orang menerima deksametason 15 mg yang diberikan 30 menit prabedah. Penilaian skala nyeri menggunakan nilai numeric rating scale (NRS) pada saat istirahat dan mobilisasi, pada jam ke-1, 2, 4, 12, dan 24 pascabedah. Pemberian analgetik tambahan opioid dilakukan bila nilai NRS>3. Analisis statistika data hasil penelitian menggunakan uji-t, chi-kuadrat, dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai NRS saat istirahat pada kelompok deksametason 10 mg dengan deksametason 15 mg tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05), sementara nilai NRS saat mobilisasi pada kelompok deksametason 10 mg lebih tinggi dibanding dengan kelompok deksametason 15 mg (p<0,05). Pemberian analgetik tambahan pascabedah tidak terdapat perbedaan secara bermakna antara kedua kelompok (p>0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah pemberian deksametason 15 mg dapat diberikan karena mempunyai efek analgesia yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: Deksametason, numeric rating scale, nyeri pascabedah Comparison between 10 mg and 15 mg of Intravenous Dexamethasone as Analgesia Adjunct on Post Operative Pain in Patients Undergo Modified Radical Mastectomy AbstractDexamethasone is a glucocorticoid with the strongest anti-inflammatory property. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 10 mg and 15 mg of intravenous dexamethasone on post operative pain and opioid analgetic need. This was a randomized double-blind study involving 60 females with physical status ASA I-II whom underwent modified radical mastectomy under general anesthesia at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital during December 2013-April 2014. Patients were divided into 2 groups where 30 patients received 10 mg dexamethasone and 30 patients received 15 mg dexamethasone 30 minutes prior to surgery. Pain assessment was performed using numeric rating scare (NRS) at rest and during activity, documented on the 1 st , 2 nd , 4 th , 12 th and 24 th hour post operative. Additional analgesia was given if NRS >3. Data were analyzed statistically using Student's t test, chi-square and Mann Whitney U test. Result showed that the difference between NRS at rest for 10 mg and 15 mg dexamethasone (p>0.05) was not significant, while the difference in NRS during activity at all time measurements were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no statistical significant difference in additional opioid administered between the two groups (p>0.05). This study concludes that 15 mg dexamethasone has a be...

Lidokain intravena mempunyai efek analgesia, antihiperalgesia, dan antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian lidokain intravena terhadap nilai numeric rating scale (NRS) dan kebutuhan fentanil pascaoperasi eksisi fibroadenoma mammae. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak terkontrol buta ganda terhadap 40 orang pasien wanita usia 18-60 tahun dengan status fisik ASA I-II yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode September 2011-Februari 2012. Sampel dikelompokkan random menjadi kelompok lidokain dan kontrol. Penilaian nyeri menggunakan numeric rating scale. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-kuadrat, uji-t, dan Mann Whitney dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% dan dianggap bermakna bila p<0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai NRS kelompok lidokain lebih rendah dan berbeda bermakna pada 30 menit (p<0,001), 60 menit (p<0,001), 90 menit (p=0,003), dan 120 menit (p=0,011) pascaoperasi, penggunaan fentanil pertolongan pada kelompok lidokain adalah 0-25 µg dan pada kelompok kontrol 25-75 µg selama 3 jam pascaoperasi. Simpulan penelitian adalah lidokain intravena 1,5 mg/kgBB bolus sebelum induksi dilanjutkan dosis rumatan 1 mg/kgBB/jam sampai 1 jam pascaoperasi mampu menurunkan nilai numeric rating scale dan mengurangi kebutuhan fentanil pascaoperasi.