The effect of fertilizing three triticale varieties (Timiryazevskya, Karmen, and Ukro) with nitrogen at different rates either one time at pre-sowing (N30, N 60, N90, N 120 and N150) or two times at pre-sowing and flowering stage (N90+ N30) and (N90+ N60) has been studied. The data indicated that all nitrogen treatments applied either at pre-sowing or/ and flowering stage resulted in a significant increase in triticale yield of three varieties (t/ha) compared to control. The highest yield in Timiryazevskya (5.52 t/ha) was obtained after N120+N0 treatment, while in case of Karmen the highest yield (5.19 t/ ha) was obtained with N150+N0 fertilizing, as to Ukro the highest value (5.05 t/ ha) was noticed after N90+N30 treatment. Besides, the values of 1000 grains weight (gm) insignificantly increased in all cases. Protein and gluten percentage points grew simultaneously with increasing nitrogen amount.

Jerusalem artichoke is a staple for the raw material base of healthy food, beverages, feed, medicine, and fuel, in addition to being the source of its herbage and tubers. The choice of conditions for cultivating a variety depends on the purpose or direction for the crop and the products obtained from it. This research involved laboratory and on-farm studies of 16 Jerusalem artichoke varieties of different maturity groups cultivated on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils to determine their suitability for further use in feed production. The list of varieties in question is presented in this work. The gross yield of tubers obtained from varieties with early leaf wilting was 33.1–51.1 t/ha, whereas that from varieties with late leaf wilting was 14.4–43.9 t/ha. The total yield of Jerusalem artichoke raw biomass was 36.8–98.1 t/ha. Moreover, early varieties had a dominant mass of tubers in the total feed value structure (68%), whereas herbage mass (59%) prevailed in the total feed value structure of varieties with late leaf wilting. The highest total solids in tubers (25.0–26.4%) were found in varieties Korenevskiy, Novost VIRa, and Blank Brekos; whereas high inulin content was found in varieties Dieticheskiy, Kaluzhskiy, Korenevskiy, Nakhodka, Novost VIRa, and Blank Brekos. The aggregate feed value amounted to 37.0–103.4 thousand MJ/ha of metabolized energy; this exceeded energy production costs on properly selected varieties by two- to three-fold. The data obtained can be useful for growers in the introduction and evaluation of Jerusalem artichoke varieties to be cultivated for further usage and processing, including fodder purposes.

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It is beyond argument that the data stream surrounding us is just expanding with every passing day, and the amount of its new participants providing this or that information is rocketing hour after hour. And in many cases the information offered is highly controversial. Is it possible to learn how to systematize it, evaluate it for reliability, cut off materials that are not significant? Formation and development of critical thinking, to a certain degree, contributes to the solution of these problems. A lot of experts consider that critical thinking is if not fundamental, then at least key point to the society. It is difficult to believe that a specialist, for example, in the field of international trade does not possess critical thinking. How could he then analyze and interpret market trends, assess possible consequences of interest rate fluctuations or explain influence of some factors on production. The reason why people manage to do it is existence of critical thinking; moreover, it is impossible to imagine a well-educated person without such a feature. That is why people with critical thinking are so important for any society They have a whole set of skills in their arsenal–these are observation and the ability to make out case, undivided attention to study the information gained and the talent to apply analytical skills in a variety of situations. The article dwells upon the issue of interconnection between Mathematics and critical thinking. Contribution of teaching counterexamples in the course of mathematical disciplines to the formation of critical thinking has been studied.

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