This writing aims to examine the development of Umawy and Abbasy literary criticism. The method used in collecting data in this historical research is the literature method, the researcher looks for all the data related to this research and then records the data into a notebook. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, this method uses interpretation through descriptive media. Meanwhile, the approach applied in this research is a historical approach, in which the researcher looks for history related to the development of literary criticism in Umawy and Abbasy The results of this study are that we can find out the definition and division of literary criticism, and find out about the purpose of prose and poetry Umawy or Abbasy. In addition, this research produces information about literary criticism in Umawi and Abbasy. In Umawy, literary criticism is still in a developmental stage, whereas in Abbasy, literary criticism is in a perfect state.

Comparative or comparative research is a study that compares two or more literary works. This study aims to determine the similarities and differences between the literary works being compared. This study focuses on the comparison of the struggles of the main female characters in the novels Nayla by Djenar Maesa Ayu and Banāt Al-Riyādh by Rajā' 'Abd Allāh AṢ-Ṣāni'. The method of analysis used descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study indicate that there are similarities in the struggle of women in obtaining their rights. The difference between the two novels is that Nayla's novel has a dominant female role in fighting for her life both in the domestic and public spheres, while the Banāt Al-Riyādh novel describes a female character who struggles to actualize herself in the confines of patriarchy.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف نطاق النقد الأدبي العربي بالإضافة إلى نبذة تاريخية عن تطور النقد الأدبي من عصر الجاهلية إلى العصر الحديث. الطريقة المستخدمة في هذا البحث هي الطريقة النوعية. كانت تقنية جمع البيانات المستخدمة في هذا البحث باستخدام أسلوب البحث في المكتبات. وخلصت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن: (1) نطاق النقد الأدبي يتكون من خمسة أقسام للنقد الأدبي: النقد الذاتى، النقد الموضوعي، النقد الاعتقادي، النقد التاريخي، النقد اللغاوي. (2) وظيفة وأنواع النقد الأدبي العربي. من وظائف النقد الأدبي ما يلي: أولاً. يمكن للنقد الأدبي أن يسهل على خبراء الأدب فهم محتوى العمل الأدبي. ثانيًا، مساعدة الكتاب المبتدئين في تحسين أعمالهم الأدبية حتى يصبحوا كتّابًا عظماء. ثالثًا، كمؤيد للعلوم الأدبية، سواء من حيث التاريخ الأدبي أو من حيث النظرية الأدبية نفسها. تستند أنواع النقد الأدبي إلى شكلها الذي يمكن رؤيته من جانبين: الأول الأسلوب (التنفيذ / التطبيق)، والثاني أنواع النقد الأدبي. (3) نبذة تاريخية: تطور النقد الأدبي العربي من فترة الجهل إلى العصر الحديث.

This article aims to describe about literary criticism during the period of ignorance from the perspective of Muhammad Abdurrahman Ibrahim. The method used in collecting historical research data is the library method. The results of his research show that jahiliah literary criticism appears simultaneously with Arabic poetry which is often read in the markets so that people instinctively and spontaneously want to judge whether poetry is good or bad. Based on Ibrahim's point of view, the characteristics of ignorant literary criticism are that it is subjective-impressive and results from thought and patience. Subjective criticism includes linguistic aspects, meaning, 'aruḍ, and the way of delivery. While the criticism that comes from thinking and patience includes tathqĪf and tanqĪm, al-riwāyah wa al-talammudhah, and al-ikhtiyār. The five features of literary criticism are dhawq fiṭry, spontaneity, partial, general, and concise. The principles aren't based on technical rules, but rather the personal judgment of the critic.

Surrounding factors, both the internal and external, always have a significant impact on a literary work. The most considerable external factor on literary works is the author himself, especially if he/she experiences a physical disorder with psychological implications. Such conditions can certainly give characteristics to the literary work. Al-Ma‘arri, who since his childhood suffered blindness, grew up to be a pessimistic person, always feeling isolated. This sadness led to deep contemplation of life, expressed in the poem "al-Marsiyyah" (Lamentations). This study aims to answer the question of what is the effect of al-Ma‘arri's disability on his thoughts contained in the poem? This study uses the expressive theory of literature that views literature as an expression of the inner world of the author. From this it can be seen that the disability carried by al-Ma‘arri has made him a pessimistic person, influencing his thoughts and views on life. This research found some philosophical ideas of al-Ma‘arri, such as the concepts of life and death, joy and sorrow, and the treatment of the universe.[Karya sastra tidak bisa lepas dari faktor yang melingkupi, baik itu faktor internal maupun eksternal. Faktor eksternal yang paling besar pengaruhnya terhadap karya sastra adalah faktor pengarang, terlebih bila pengarang mengalami gangguan fisik yang berimplikasi pada psikologisnya. Kondisi seperti ini bisa dipastikan memberikan karakteristik pada karya sastra itu. Al-Ma‘arri yang sejak masa kanak-kanak mengalami kebutaan, tumbuh menjadi pribadi yang pesimistis dan merasa terkucil. Pesimismenya melahirkan perenungan yang dalam terhadap kehidupan dan dituangkan dalam bentuk puisi “al-Marsiyyah” (Ratapan). Penelitian ini bertujuan menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimanakah pengaruh disabilitas al-Ma‘arri terhadap pemikirannya yang tertuang dalam puisi “al-Marsiyyah”? Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ekspresif sastra yang memandang karya sastra sebagai ekspresi batin pengarang. Penelitian ini menemukan beberapa pemikiran filosofis al-Ma‘arri, antara lain konsep tentang hidup dan mati, tentang suka dan duka dan tentang perlakuan terhadap alam semesta dipengaruhi oleh kondisi disabilitasnya.]