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This paper presents the results of tests of four reinforced concrete beams with web reinforcement in order to measure the significance of shear deformation of the beams after diagonal cracking. The parameters affecting shear behavior, i. e. reinforcement ratio, shear span-to-depth ratio, and web reinforcement ratio were considered here. In addition, parametric study is performedby using the results of nonlinear finite element analysis and analytical model for predicting shear deflection is derived. The validity of the proposed model is made through the comparison with the above experimental results. It was found that the additional shear deflection computed using the present model agrees well with the experimental measurement.

A study of the plastics materials flow analysis in Thailand was aim to show the flow of plastic materials through production, consumption, and waste management based on the year 2013 and projection to the year 2020. This paper finds the plastic waste generation increasing steadily in line with population growth and increasing consumption. In addition, the simulation under waste management three scenarios includes the following: the business as usual, increasing recycled rate set on the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021) and increasing in rate of energy recovery by the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036. The plastic material flow analysis has shown that the implementation of the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021 or the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036 can reduce uncollected waste and improper waste disposal. Moreover, there is benefit by adding value from recycled materials and energy recovery.

INTRODUCTIONAn elastic finite displacement theory of the so-called curved Timoshenko beam with shear deformation has been studied by Reissner, in which the derivation of kinematic field applicable to one dimensional beam theory was a major subject of investigation. Sheinman has also studied the same subjectz. The governing equation derived in his study, howver, is applicable only for a range of moderately small rotation and in addition inconsistency seems to be present in the treatment of higher order terms of small quantities3. Recently, the governing equation of Timoshenko straight beams in finite deformation which is identical to that by: Reissner has been formulated by Iwakuma et al4.For discrete system, a total Lagrangian nonlinear formulation of elastic trusses has been made by Nishino et al5. In their study, the stiffness equation was described as the relation between the overall nodal forces and positions, and was solved numerically by the successive substitution procedure, which was proved to be the same as Newton-Raphson iteration due to the equivalence between the total and tangential stiffness matrices of the same system. This study presents a finite displacement theory of plane elastic beams in the range of small strain problems, and it can be divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the formulation of a finite displacement theory of arbitrary plane curved Timoshenko beams, in which no limitation is imposed for the magnitude of displacements and rotations. It is emphasized that employing physical stress and strain components rather than tensor components simplifies the expression of constitutive equation and hence the resulting governing equation. The second part covers a total Lagrangian formulation of a plane straight * Student Member of JSCE, M. Eng., Graduate Student,

This article presents the benefits of public participation concerning social and environmental impacts in the development of an infrastructure project. A small hydropower project, which is situated in the Nan Province, Thailand, is selected as a case study. In this study, the public participation process comprised an interview questionnaire survey and a focus group discussion; 1550 questionnaires were used to collect the opinion of local people and stakeholders regarding the project's development. Citizen dialogue and focus group discussions were conducted to provide information and to collect details of the public's opinions, concerns, and needs. The results from the questionnaires were analyzed statistically and then illustrated on maps using the Geographic Information System technique. The results from the citizens' dialogue and the focus group discussion show the benefit of giving project information to local people and bringing the needs of all groups into consideration in planning, decision‐making, and the implementation of the project. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.