The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO 2 and H 2 S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO 2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH 4 and 11% CO 2 . The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO 2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO 2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO 2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO 2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas.

Egg whites traditionally used for the treatment of burns. In this research, egg white was formulated as gel dosage form for easy to use and covered unpleasant odor. The aim of the study was to determined effectivity of egg white in gel dosage form against the healing of superficial partial thickness burns (second degree) on white rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain with parameters were macrophages, fibroblasts, collagen deposit density and wound healing. Research subject were  male white rats aged 3 months. Second degree burns on the back of rat with a diameter of 2 cm were made by  using a hot coin with temperature 80 ° C for 20 seconds. 18 white rats divided into 3 groups of treatment that is negative control using 0.9% NaCl, positive control using Bioplacenton®, and 40% egg white gel as treatment. Based on the experimental results, white egg gel  given topically decreased the number of macrophages and increase the number of fibroblasts, increase the density of collagen deposits and speed up wound healing on second degree burns. White egg gel had significantly difference with negative control of NaCl 0.9% and no significantly difference  with Bioplasenton as positive control.

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) have high albumin content, a protein needed for cell development and the formation of new tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of snakehead fish extract emulgel given topically on incision wounds in white rats. The parameters of wound healing consist of wound length, a number of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and density of collagen. The white rats divide into three groups of (n = 6), one group was given the emulgel base as the negative control, one group of povidone-iodine as the positive control, and one group of snakehead fish extract 10% emulgel. White rats were sacrificed on the third and seventh days for microscopic observations. The results showed that snakehead fish extract emulgel can accelerate incision wound healing: decrease wound length, increase the number of neutrophil and macrophages cells, increase the average number of fibroblasts and increase collagen density on white rats.

Background: Diabetic gangrene is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus caused by neuropathy, blood vessel disorders, and infection by Staphylococcus aureus. S.sonchifolius leaves contains flavonoid as hypoglycemic agents and sesquiterpene lactones as antibacterial. Unfortunately, oral administration of S. sonchifolius leaves infusion causes kidney toxicity. Objective: The aimed of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract on gangrene wound healing with macroscopic parameters and neoangiogenesis of gangrenous wounds in white rats that have been induced by diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: This study used 4 treatment groups: positive control (Bevalex® cream), negative control (patch without S. sonchifolius leaves extract), F1 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch without enhancer), and F2 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch with Tween 60 as enhancer). The dose of S. sonchifolius leaves given was 400 mg/kg BW. Alloxan-induced diabetic rat feet were injected with S. aureus to form gangrene. Observations were made on the 7th and 14th days. Results: Based on the Wagner-Meggit scale on macroscopic observations, administration of a transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves accelerates gangrene healing. The statistical results of neoangiogenesis on the 7th and 14th days showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the positive control, F1, and F2 to the negative control. F2 showed the highest angiogenesis on day 7 (114.00 ± 5,00) and 14 (161.00 ± 5.29) compared to all groups. Tween 60 as enhancer increase the number of angiogenesis. Both F1 and F2 did not show a significant difference to the positive control. Conclusion: S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract patch accelerated the diabetic gangrene healing process based on macroscopic and neoangiogenesis observation on the 7th and 14th days. Toxicity examination in white rats are needed before clinical study in human.