Curcumin is the lipid-soluble antioxidant compound obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn, also known as turmeric. Curcumin targets multiple chemotherapeutic and inflammatory pathways and has demonstrated safety and tolerability in humans, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent; however, the clinical literature lacks conclusive evidence supporting its use as a therapeutic agent due to its low bioavailability in humans. The purpose of this study was to quantify plasma levels of free curcumin after dosing of a solid lipid curcumin particle (SLCP) formulation versus unformulated curcumin in healthy volunteers and to determine its tolerability and dose-plasma concentration relationship in late-stage osteosarcoma patients. Doses of 2, 3, and 4 g of SLCP were evaluated in 11 patients with osteosarcoma. Plasma curcumin levels were measured using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The limit of detection of the assay was 1 ng/mL of curcumin. In healthy subjects, the mean peak concentration of curcumin achieved from dosing 650 mg of SLCP was 22.43 ng/mL, whereas plasma curcumin from dosing an equal quantity of unformulated 95% curcuminoids extract was not detected. In both healthy individuals and osteosarcoma patients, high interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and nonlinear dose dependency was observed, suggesting potentially complex absorption kinetics. Overall, good tolerability was noted in both healthy and osteosarcoma groups.

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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract in ethylene-glycol-induced urolithiasis in the male Wistar rats. Nephrolithiasis was induced in male Wistar rats by adding ethylene glycol (0.75%) in drinking water for 28 days. Animals were divided into six groups, each containing six viz. Vehicle control, model control, S. xanthocarpum methanol extract in different doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o., Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) served as a standard. Hyperoxaluria as well as an increase in the excretion of calcium, phosphate, uric acid and decrease in citrate and magnesium in urine, impairment of renal function and oxidative imbalance in kidney were observed in the calculi-induced group. Treatment with S. xanthocarpum decreases hyperoxaluria, calcium, and uric acid, improves renal function, and also produces antioxidant effects. Crystalluria was characterized by excretion calcium oxalate (CaOX) crystals, which were enormous in the lithogenic group but smaller in the drug-treated group. The histology showed that the calculi-induced group had a large deposition of CaOX crystals in kidney while the treated group had trivial and fewer deposits. The result indicates the antiurolithiatic activity of S. xanthocarpum mediated possibly by CaOX crystal inhibition, diuretic, antioxidant and maintaining balance between stone promoter and inhibitor constituents, and this study rationalized its medicinal use in urolithiasis.

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Doxorubicin (DOXO), a potent and widely used chemotherapeutic agent, causes irreversible heart failure by increasing oxidative stress, which limits its clinical utility. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 -like 2 (Nrf2) is a prominent central regulator of cellular impenetrable to oxidants. The purpose of the study is to assess the ameliorative outcome of quercetin in cardiomyopathic rats induced by doxorubicin. Cardiomyopathy was produced in rats by single intraperitoneal weekly with DOXO (2 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The rats were divided into five groups: (I) control group; (II) DOXO (2 mg/kg, i.p.) group; (III-V) DOXO þ quercetin (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, orally), and were treated for 7 weeks. At the end of the treatment duration, cardiac function and biochemical parameters were assessed. Quercetin (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, orally) treatment reduced the raised blood pressure (BP) and left ventricular dysfunction. Withal, it prevented the rise in CKMB and LDH, suggesting the effect of quercetin in the maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane Besides, it also prevented the alteration in electrolyte levels, the activity of ATPase, and antioxidant status. Quercetin increased Nrf2 mRNA expression and reduced histological abnormalities compared 1 to the DOXO control group. In conclusion, quercetin protected against DOXO-induced cardiomyopathy, by increasing expression of NRF2, and thereby increasing antioxidant defense and restoring biochemical and histological abnormalities.