As the biggest greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitter, China’s climate mitigation has tremendous contributions to the global carbon and air pollutants reductions. This study is trying to extract the co-benefit on air quality, public health and economic costs in China and worldwide from China’s GHGs mitigation policy. We construct two scenarios, with moderate climate mitigation action worldwide, versus more stringent climate mitigation action in China. We use the GAINS model to predict the GHGs and air pollutants emissions in the two scenarios, and a state-of-the-art global chemical transport model to simulate the annual PM2.5 concentrations. We then use IMED|HEL, which is a health assessment model, to estimate the health impacts and economic cost of PM2.5 pollution in each country. Results show China’s mitigation has significant impact on both air quality and health improvement in eastern China and eastern Asia, a little bit impact in the rest of Asia. The improved air quality could avoid 0.37 million premature deaths due to ambient PM2.5 exposure by 2050s globally, with the majority happening in China. We use the willingness to pay method to estimate the economic benefits from the improved air quailty, and find that the reduced ambient PM2.5 concentration could avoid $406 billion and $1206 billion economic costs by 2030s and 2050s globally, with China the largest fraction of 98.5% ($400 billion) and 99.5% ($1200 billion), respectively. The reduced ambient PM2.5 exposure can also avoid 11.3 million cases morbidity globally by 2050s, due to asthma attacks and hospital admissions. Our study shows most of the economic benefits from air quality improvement due to China’s mitigation happens in China, followed by the eastern Asia (such as South Korea and Japan) and the rest of Asia. Health improvement is the main fraction of the potential benefits, such as saving health expenditure, increasing the work time.

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Abstract:With the increasing economic importance of the Asia-Pacific Region, the economic interdependence among countries in the region has gradually enhanced. With the continuous opening up of the two countries, Sino-Vietnamese economic relations have also been deepened. However, the export trade between Vietnam and China has been competitive. China and Vietnam seek to dominate or join an agreement that is conducive to their own trade, which also exacerbates the trade competition between the two countries. This paper compares China and Vietnam and analyzes their foreign trade data from 2005 to 2014. By analyzing the competitiveness of export commodities, the trade division effect and spatio-temporal changes of the geo-economic relationship in the Asia-Pacific Region, this study explores Sino-Vietnamese trade relations and compares the pattern of geo-economic evolution between the two countries. The findings show that China and Vietnam have similarities and substitutability in textiles, apparel and footwear in terms of commodity structure. There is already a trade diversion effect between Vietnam and China on these commodities, but it is not substantial. From a geographic perspective, China's geo-economic relations in the Pacific Rim present an increasingly dispersed trend. However, the spatial pattern of Vietnam's geo-economy has maintained a low-level and stable spatial agglomeration over the last decade.

To meet the carbon neutrality target and Beautiful China goal, the co-control strategy of carbon emission and air pollution is crucial. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is a prominent cooperative development zone, which faces dual challenges of CO2 emission reduction and air pollution control. This study aims to find the co-benefit pathway for achieving both targets in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Based on an innovative and integrated framework by linking the computable general equilibrium model, atmospheric environment analysis model and health impact assessment model, we analyze the mutual co-benefits of carbon reduction and air quality improvement by climate and environmental policies. The results show significant mutual effects of CO2 emission mitigation and air pollution reduction. From the regional view, air pollutants control and CO2 mitigation policies have a relatively higher synergistic emission reduction effect in Beijing and Tianjin than in Hebei. From the sector perspective, the energy supply and transport sectors have much higher co-effects with CO2 reduction, while climate change mitigation policies have the best co-effects with air pollution reduction in the energy supply and residential sectors. Moreover, the health benefits in the air pollution control scenario (6.0 BUSD) are higher than in the decarbonization scenario (5.7 BUSD). In addition, climate mitigation policies could have tremendous synergistic air pollution reductions, even the health benefits (5.7 BUSD) may be insufficient to offset the cost (18.7 BUSD) of climate policy in the current situation. In order to better achieve the dual climate and air quality targets at lower costs, two types of policies should be better coordinated in the decision-making process.

In the delivery system, high‐performance targeting and local burst‐releasing of antibiotics enable the enhancement of antipathogen efficacy and reduction of drug‐resistance risk. Bacteria cell wall driven self‐disassembled nanovesicles (BSNs) composed of a dense H‐aggregated cyanine bilayer are herein reported. The nanovesicle displays the trigger‐disassembly and turn‐on near infrared (NIR) fluorescence property activated by Gram‐positive bacteria. Mechanistic studies indicate that the interaction between nanovesicles and lipoteinchoic acid within the bacterial cell wall disrupts nanovesicles and the free cyanine molecules insert into the network of peptidoglycan, which brings recovered fluorescence. Meanwhile, owing to the burst release of the oritavancin antibiotic payload inside the nanovesicle, the minimum inhibitory concentration of oritavancin is significantly reduced by fourfold compared to that of the free one. Intriguingly, this smart nanoantibiotic effectively enhances the defense against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo, meanwhile the NIR fluorescence signal enables quantitative bioimaging of the therapuetic outcome.