En el curso de las dos últimas décadas se ha señalado repetidamente (Federicis, 1985) que 'el modelo tradicional de enseñanza de la literatura en la escuela se halla sumido en una situación de crisis profunda e irreversible. Puede constatarse también cómo, a pesar del tiempo transcurrido, la improcedencia de la antigua concepción no ha sido sustituida aún de forma global y coherente por una nueva propuesta educativa, y cómo, en consecuencia, nos hallamos en la actualidad ante una gran desorientación respecto a la función educativa de la literatura y a su posible programación escolar. Parece indicado pensar que la superación de esta etapa debe provenir de la reflexión educativa sobre los progresos teóricos producidos en las distintas ciencias implicadas en la enseñanza de la literatura, del análisis y valoración de los avances ya producidos de forma intuitiva y fragmentaria en la práctica escolar y de la integración de todos estos elementos en un nuevo marco teórico que permite fundamentar y desarrollar una nueva articulación de objetivos y prácticas educativas. A la luz de los conocimientos actuales puede afirmarse 1991 by Aprendizaje.
The endocannabinoid system is associated with protective effects in multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve attenuated innate immune cell responses. Astrocytes and microglia are modulated by endocannabinoids and participate in the biosynthesis and metabolism of these compounds. However, the role of neuroglial cells as targets and mediators of endocannabinoid signaling in MS is poorly understood. Here we used a microfluidic RT-qPCR screen to assess changes in the expression of the main endocannabinoid signaling genes in astrocytes and microglia purified from female mice during the time-course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that astrocytes and microglia upregulate the expression of genes encoding neurotoxic A1 and pro-inflammatory molecules at the acute disease with many of these transcripts remaining elevated during the recovery phase. Both cell populations exhibited an early onset decrease in the gene expression levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzymes that persisted during EAE progression as well as cell-type-specific changes in the transcript levels for genes encoding cannabinoid receptors and molecules involved in anandamide (AEA) signaling. Our results demonstrate that astrocytes and microglia responses to autoimmune demyelination involve alterations in the expression of multiple endocannabinoid signaling-associated genes and suggest that this system may regulate the induction of neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory transcriptional programs in both cell types during MS.
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