Introduction: Aerobic training has a beneficial effect on enhancing liver functions. Autophagy might potentially play a role in preventing excessive lipid accumulation, regulating oxidative stress, and inflammation in the liver. Objective: To investigate the potential linking role of autophagy-related gene expressions and protein levels with histopathology changes in Wistar rat livers after treadmill training under different intensities. Methods: 20 rats were divided into 4 groups (control, low intensity, moderate intensity, and high intensity). 8 weeks of treadmill training was conducted with a frequency of 5 days per week, for a duration of 30 min per day. Liver histopathology was studied using hematoxylin-eosin, and oil red O staining. RNA and protein from the liver tissues were extracted to examine the autophagy-related gene (LC3, p62) and protein levels (Beclin, ATG5, LC3, p62). The gene expressions of CPT1a, CD36, FATP 2,3,5, GLUT2, and FGF21 were also studied. Results: Different intensities of training might potentially modulate autophagy-related gene expressions in rat livers. LC3 and p62 mRNA expressions in moderate and high intensities decreased compared to control. Beclin, ATG5, and LC3 protein level increased compared to control, while p62 protein level decreased compared to control. Whereas for the other genes, we found an increase in CPT1a, but we did not observed any changes in the expression of the other genes. Interestingly, autophagy-related gene expressions might be correlated with the changes of sinusoidal dilatation, cloudy swelling, inflammation, and lipid droplets of the liver tissues. Conclusion: Moderate and high intensities of training induce autophagy activity, combined with a shift in metabolic zonation in liver that might be potentially correlated with lipophagy. Our results showed the potential interplay role between autophagy and liver histopathology appearances as a part of the adaptation process to training.

Acute renal injury is characterized by decrement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in nitrogen metabolic end product retention such as blood ureum. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxic injuries are common in elderly, with mortality rate 50-70%. Tempuyung has been empirically used in relieving renal problems as it contains several active antioxidants. This study aimed to analyze the protective effect of ethanol extract tempuyung leaf (EET) against gentamicin induced renal injury viewed from blood ureum level. The method used was true experimental laboratory, 16 wistar male rats, divided into 4 groups (n=4): negative control group (CMC), positive control group (Gentamicin 80 mg/kgBW), 1 st treatment group (EET 100 mg/kgBW + Gentamicin), 2 nd treatment group (EET 200 mg/kgBW + Gentamicin) for ten days. On the 11 th day, blood serum were taken and the ureum level were analyzed. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc LSD test. Result showed positive control group had the highest blood ureum level (29.50  1.29 mg/dL) compared to negative control group (14.25  1.26 mg/dL), 1 st treatment group (26.50  0.58 mg/dL), and 2 nd treatment group (22.25  1.26 mg/dL) with significance difference (p<0,001). In conclusion, the result suggested the protective effect of EET against gentamicin induced renal injury. AbstrakGangguan ginjal akut ditandai dengan penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG), menyebabkan retensi sisa metabolisme nitrogen, satu diantaranya adalah ureum darah. Insidensi nefrotoksisitas akibat obat golongan aminoglikosida umum terjadi pada kelompok usia lanjut dengan angka mortalitas 50-70%. Tempuyung telah dipakai sejak dulu sebagai obat tradisional, untuk mengatasi gangguan ginjal karena kandungan sejumlah antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat efek proteksi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tempuyung (EET) terhadap kerusakan ginjal akibat induksi gentamisin dilihat dari kadar ureum darah. Metode berupa eksperimental laboratorik, 16 tikus Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (n=4): kelompok kontrol negatif (CMC), kelompok kontrol positif (Gentamisin 80 mg/kgBB), kelompok perlakuan 1 (EET 100 mg/kgBB + gentamisin), dan kelompok perlakuan 2 (EET 200 mg/kgBB + gentamisin) selama sepuluh hari. Pada hari ke-11 darah diambil dan diperiksa kadar ureum.darah Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik ANOVA dan uji beda rata-rata LSD. Hasil menunjukkan kelompok kontrol positif dengan ureum tertinggi (29.50  1.29 mg/dL) bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif (14.25  1.26 mg/dL), kelompok perlakuan 1 (26.50  0.58 mg/dL), dan kelompok perlakuan 2 (22.25  1.26 mg/dL), dengan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,001). Kesimpulan hasil menunjukkan efek proteksi EET terhadap kerusakan ginjal akibat induksi gentamisin.Kata kunci: gangguan ginjal akut, gentamisin, laju filtrasi glomerulus, tempuyung, ureum HasilHasil pengukuran kadar Ureum pada hewan coba yang telah mendapatkan perlakuan selama 10 hari menunjukkan hasil sebagai berikut:Gambar 1 Kadar Rerata Ureum (mg/dL)  SD Gambar 1 menunjukkan hasil penelitian menggun...

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Growth in children is very important because it affects a person's height as an adult.Qualified and adequate nutrition play a significant role in growth. Adequate milk consumptioncan affect bone growth which ultimately affects height and helps reduce the risk of bone loss.The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between milk consumption andheight in children. This study is an analytic observational study, involving 126 subjects aged 6-9 years from an elementary school in Bandung. The sample was taken by whole samplingtechnique. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and height measurements. Thedata was analyzed using the Gamma correlation test. The statistical results showed a significantrelationship between the frequency of milk consumption and height (p = 0.044) with a mediumcorrelation coefficient (r = 0.430) and a positive correlation direction which meant an increasein the frequency of milk consumption along with the increasing height in children aged 6-9years. We concluded that milk consumption correlates with body height in children.Keywords: milk consumption, body height, children, correlation

Adaptation of cardiac muscle to regular exercise results in morphological and structural changes known as physiological cardiac hypertrophy, to which the Hippo signaling pathway might have contributed. Two major terminal effectors in the Hippo signaling pathway are Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its homolog transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). The latest studies have reported the role of YAP and TAZ in different life stages, such as in fetal, neonatal, and adult hearts. Their regulation might involve several mechanisms and effectors. One of the possible coregulators is exercise. Exercise plays a role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic changes during different stages of life, including in aged hearts. YAP/TAZ signaling pathway has a role in physiological cardiac hypertrophy induced by exercise, and associated with cardiac remodelling. Thus, it can be believed that exercise has roles in activating the signaling pathway of YAP and TAZ in aged cardiomyocytes. However, the studies regarding the roles of YAP and TAZ during cardiomyocyte aging are limited. The primary purpose of this review is to explore the response of cardiovascular aging to exercise via signaling pathway of YAP and TAZ.