Background Incident reporting systems are widely considered effective instruments for learning from incidents. However, research shows that many incidents are not reported by healthcare providers. Objective The lack of theoretical foundation in research on barriers to and motivators for incident reporting is addressed in this article, and a psychological framework of antecedents to staff's motivation (not) to report incidents is proposed. Framework development Concepts relevant for clinicians' motivation to report incidents were identified in psychological literature. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to extract barriers to incident reporting and cluster them into thematic groups. Barriers and motivators influencing clinicians' willingness to report were integrated and identified as an indicator for actual reporting behaviour. Conclusions The proposed framework provides a basis for guiding future empirical studies that will improve our understanding of what encourages and what hinders clinicians to report incidents and, consequently, of areas for interventions to enhance reporting behaviour.In healthcare and other high-risk industries, incident reporting systems (IRS) are considered effective instruments to learn from adverse events, errors and near missesdhereafter referred to as incidents.

Following the framework of ecological validity, and taking into account the social character of simulation, we investigated how six anesthesiologists each experienced three patient simulation scenarios. Using content analysis, we describe factors mentioned in the 18 half-structured interviews that were relevant for the perceived realism of the scenarios: overall impression and medical plausibility, participants' own actions, role play of the simulator team, workload, technical aspects, group dynamics, and anticipations. Further, we describe the circumstances under which these relevant elements were experienced as fiction cues (emphasizing differences between scenarios and clinical cases) or as reality cues (emphasizing similarities between scenarios and clinical cases). The experience of the scenarios among the anesthesiologists was dynamic over time and differed among participants. Considering the described elements and their character as either fiction or reality cues improves the understanding of the stillunanswered question of why simulators and simulations "work. " Simulators and simulations help in designing, optimizing, conducting, and analyzing patient simulation scenarios in a goal-oriented fashion.

Volunteers' motives have been differentially linked to various aspects of successful volunteering. Using self-determination theory, we propose that volunteer functions are systematically related to the experience of self-determined versus controlled motivation. This "quality of motivation," in turn, explains why motives are differentially associated with satisfaction. We conducted two studies: Study 1 (N1 = 824) addressed motives, quality of motivation, and satisfaction; Study 2 (N2 = 323) additionally examined function-specific benefits and the extent to which they match volunteers' motives. Overall, our hypotheses were supported: values, understanding, and social justice motives were positively associated with relatively self-determined motivation (RSM), whereas career, social, protective, and enhancement motives showed negative correlations. The relationships between motives and satisfaction were partially mediated by RSM. Concerning benefits, Study 2 corroborated these findings for values, protective, enhancement, and social justice. This research introduces a new perspective on the quality of volunteers' motives-with theoretical and practical implications.

The aim of the present study was to examine how the organizational context of a non-profit organization (NPO) influences the motivation and work behaviors of volunteers. We hypothesized that the organizational context-operationalized by the motivational potential of the tasks, autonomy supportiveness of the supervisor, and value congruence between volunteer and NPO-can benefit or thwart self-determined motivation, which in turn predicts work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). In particular, the innovative aim of the study was to differentiate between general and organization-focused self-determined motivation (general and organization-focused SDM). Structural Equation Modeling revealed a distinction based on data from 2,222 volunteers: general SDM was related to the motivational potential of the task, whereas value congruence accounted for organization-focused SDM. Autonomy supportiveness of the supervisor similarly influenced both foci. Furthermore, general SDM enhanced work engagement, whereas OCB was solely linked to organization-focused SDM.Résumé Ce travail de recherche améliore notre compréhension des fondations émergentes d'entreprise et privées en Inde, en adoptant le point de vue de leurs fondateurs : la nouvelle génération de dirigeants d'entreprise indiens très fortunés. Basé sur plus de quarante-cinq entretiens et s'inspirant de la littérature existante, il explore l'environnement de ces personnes, leur position unique d' « hyperagents » , ainsi que le contexte indien qui modèle leurs fondations. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces philanthropes préfèrent les modèles de fondations opérationnels ainsi que les secteurs « sûrs » en termes politiques et sociaux; ils transfèrent les tendances d'entreprise, poursuivent l'objectif d'un changement social en prenant un rôle de guide ou de catalyseur, et ont une préférence pour le contrôle au détriment de la coordination des acteurs. Ces approches sont logiques étant donné le contexte, mais elles constituent plus un pas vers davantage de philanthropie de la part des personnes fortunées du pays qu'un objectif idéal. Ce travail pourra s'avérer intéressant pour qui souhaite entamer une collaboration avec les fondations et les philanthropes indiens. De plus, étant donné le peu de recherche existant sur la philanthropie indienne, il contribue au développement des théories spécifiques à l'Inde.Zusammenfassung Diese Studie verhilft uns zu einem Verständnis der neu entstehenden Unternehmens-und Privatstiftungen in Indien aus der Perspektive ihrer Gründer, nämlich Indiens neue Generation hochvermögender Unternehmer. Beruhend auf mehr als 45 Befragungen und aufbauend auf der vorhandenen Literatur untersucht die Studie den Hintergrund dieser Personen, ihre einzigartige Position als ,,Hyper-Verteter''und die indischen Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen sich ihre Stiftungen gestalten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass diese Philanthropen operationelle Stiftungsmodelle, politisch und gesellschaftlich ,,sichere''Bereiche, die Ü bernahme von Geschäftstende...

BackgroundClinical risk management (CRM) plays a crucial role in enabling hospitals to identify, contain, and manage risks related to patient safety. So far, no instruments are available to measure and monitor the level of implementation of CRM. Therefore, our objective was to develop an instrument for assessing CRM in hospitals.MethodsThe instrument was developed based on a literature review, which identified key elements of CRM. These elements were then discussed with a panel of patient safety experts. A theoretical model was used to describe the level to which CRM elements have been implemented within the organization. Interviews with CRM practitioners and a pilot evaluation were conducted to revise the instrument. The first nationwide application of the instrument (138 participating Swiss hospitals) was complemented by in-depth interviews with 25 CRM practitioners in selected hospitals, for validation purposes.ResultsThe monitoring instrument consists of 28 main questions organized in three sections: 1) Implementation and organizational integration of CRM, 2) Strategic objectives and operational implementation of CRM at hospital level, and 3) Overview of CRM in different services. The instrument is available in four languages (English, German, French, and Italian). It allows hospitals to gather comprehensive and systematic data on their CRM practice and to identify areas for further improvement.ConclusionsWe have developed an instrument for assessing development stages of CRM in hospitals that should be feasible for a continuous monitoring of developments in this important area of patient safety.