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Flaxseed gum (FG)-based films were developed with the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. HCl was added to improve crosslinking and decrease the hydrophilicity of the matrix. Different cellulose nanocrystal (CN) amounts were used as reinforcements in the optimum FG formulation. The crosslinking process at pH 3.5 led to a lower solubility of FG in water (from 100% to 53%) and an increase in thermal stability (from 160 ºC to 209 ºC). FTIR analysis confirmed a reduction in the-OH band due to crosslinking between the hydroxyl groups of FG. A diffuse diffraction pattern was observed for all FG films. The addition of 4% w/w of CN contributed to reduction of water solubility (from 53% to 20.8%) and absorption (from 21.9% to 6.8%). Finally, an improvement was observed in the tensile mechanical properties in the nanocomposites, showing satisfactory results for the proposed formulations, mainly with 8% w/w of CN added to the matrix. Overall, this study demonstrated that FG/CN nanocomposites are promising materials to be use as a sustainable biopolymer for application as bioplastics.

RESUMORecentemente, a escassez global dos combustíveis fosseis, além de questões políticas, econômicas e ambientais impulsionaram a busca por combustíveis oriundos de fontes renováveis. Neste contexto, o biodiesel surge como um promissor combustível sucedâneo ao diesel mineral, seja parcial ou totalmente. O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e consumidor mundial de biodiesel, sendo que o sebo bovino é o segundo insumo mais utilizado para a produção deste biocombustível no país, atrás apenas da soja. Diante disso, este artigo de revisão bibliográfica aborda as principais vantagens e limitações relacionadas ao uso desta matéria--prima para obtenção de biodiesel no Brasil, destacando fatores econômicos e ambientais, suas características físico--químicas, além de aspetos relativos à sua cadeia produtiva. PALAVRAS--CHAVE:Vantagens, Limitações, Sebo bovino, Biodiesel. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BEEF TALLOW AS FEEDSTOCK FOR BRAZILIAN BIODIESEL INDUSTRY ABSTRACTRecently, the global shortage of fossil fuels, as well as political, economic and environmental issues, have boosted the search for fuels obtained from renewable sources. In this context, biodiesel emerges as a promising substitute fuel for mineral diesel, either partially or totally. Brazil is the second largest biodiesel producer and consumer in the world and beef tallow is the second most used feedstock to produce this biofuel in the country, after soybean. Thus, this review deals with the main advantages and limitations related to beef tallow use as source for biodiesel production in Brazil. It is emphasized beef tallow economical and environmental factors, its physical and chemical properties, as well as aspects concerning its production chain.

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