A novel concept for a holographic antenna-in-package (AiP) is presented enabling the seamless integration of high gain antennas at millimeter wave frequencies. The antenna is based on a holographic impedance approach stimulating a leaky wave mode at 150 GHz. Since the antenna structure is placed on top of the glass package, a large antenna aperture with high angular beam width and efficiency were achieved. The surface wave launcher (SWL) of the antenna connected to the integrated active circuitry is designed in a very compact fashion using a vertical through-glass-via (TGV) and solder balls. The performance of the proposed holographic antenna package has been investigated by an analytic model and full wave simulations. The measurement results of the antenna prototype on glass using anisotropic unit cells show excellent agreement to the simulated values. A maximum gain of 24.7 dBi, a sidelobe level of 15 dB, and a 3 dB-beam width of 4.7 • are achieved. The measured 3D-radiation pattern shows a highly directive pattern in all cuts.

A novel synthesis method using an incident angle dependent impedance mapping for holographic multi-feed antennas is presented. Since the unit cells of the holographic antenna are shared with all feeds, it is necessary to merge all of the sub-holograms to a common physical geometry. In the proposed multi-beam synthesis, a individual merged impedance hologram for each feeding point is determined, which has the lowest impedance error to the corresponding analytical holograms. Subsequently, a non pixel-based genetic optimization is used to account for global error minimization across all feeds. The antenna is going to be realized on glass due its lower loss and dispersive properties compared to Teflon-based materials at mm-wave frequencies. In addition to the incident angle dependent hologram synthesis method, an appropriate sub-wavelength pixel has been design and optimized with enhanced anisotropic properties. The implemented holographic multi-feed antenna design has an antenna gain of 23.3 dBi and 23.0 dBi, a polarization purity of 20.3 dB and 23.0 dB and a side-lobe level of −18.5 dB and −19.0 dB with 2 feeds at 77 GHz.

A novel concept of holographic antenna with a high-gain conical beam pattern is presented. The antenna is realized on glass, which has advantages in terms of losses and dispersion compared to Teflon-based materials at mm-wave frequencies. This allows applications such as the usage in harsh environments. The performance of the proposed holographic antenna has been analyzed both by an analytic model and full wave simulations. Using the holographic principle, a frequency-dependent beam scanning over a bandwidth of up to 20 GHz is achieved and thus allows a low-cost 2D-radar imaging. The measurements of the fabricated antenna show an excellent agreement with the simulations. The optimized antenna has a uniform gain of about 15.8 dBi in the azimuth plane, a side lobe level below −16.5 dB, and a 3-dB-beamwidth of 8°at the center frequency of 77 GHz.

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