Plant cell vacuoles may have storage or lytic functions, but biochemical markers specific for the tonoplasts of functionally distinct vacuoles are poorly defined. Here, we use antipeptide antibodies specific for the tonoplast intrinsic proteins alpha-TIP, gamma-TIP, and delta-TIP in confocal immunofluorescence experiments to test the hypothesis that different TIP isoforms may define different vacuole functions. Organelles labeled with these antibodies were also labeled with antipyrophosphatase antibodies, demonstrating that regardless of their size, they had the expected characteristics of vacuoles. Our results demonstrate that the storage vacuole tonoplast contains delta-TIP, protein storage vacuoles containing seed-type storage proteins are marked by alpha- and delta- or alpha- and delta- plus gamma-TIP, whereas vacuoles storing vegetative storage proteins and pigments are marked by delta-TIP alone or delta- plus gamma-TIP. In contrast, those marked by gamma-TIP alone have characteristics of lytic vacuoles, and results from other researchers indicate that alpha-TIP alone is a marker for autophagic vacuoles. In root tips, relatively undifferentiated cells that contain vacuoles labeled separately for each of the three TIPs have been identified. These results argue that plant cells have the ability to generate and maintain three separate vacuole organelles, with each being marked by a different TIP, and that the functional diversity of the vacuolar system may be generated from different combinations of the three basic types.

This study was concerned with "peaking", which is the tendency for electrical-energy users to consume at high rates for brief periods during the day. Peaking results in the inefficient use of generating facilities, which may lead to unfavorable effects on the environment, such as the construction of new energy producing facilities or the activation of older, less safe, generating units. A continuous data collection system to monitor consumption of electrical energy was installed in the homes of three volunteer families. Information, feedback, and incentives were evaluated for their effects on peak energy consumption. A combination of feedback plus incentives was most effective and reduced peaking about 50%. Removal of experimental treatments resulted in a return to pretreatment patterns of consumption. DESCRIPTORS: energy conservation, electrical energy conservation, peakingThe shape of the demand curve for energy over each 24-hr day for residential consumers contributes, in part, to the electrical-energy crisis. In the morning and afternoon, energy consumption peaks at more than three times the daily average (Seattle City Light, 1973). In the Seattle area, where residential consumption accounts for 40% of the total, the morning peak begins at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 1:00 p.m.; the afternoon peak occurs between 6:00 and 8:00 p.m. Although most electrical energy is consumed by industrial and commercial users, the peaking problem is most pronounced in residential consumers (Seattle City Light, 1973). When the nature of the electrical-energy supply is considered, these peaks have ramifications relevant to the energy crisis and the quality of the environment.Electrical energy must be produced at the precise moment it is needed. It is not generated at one time and stored for later use. The supplier for such energy must therefore design and build 1This research was conducted in collaboration with Seattle City Light. Reprints may be obtained from Robert Kohlenberg, Psychological Services and Training Center (NI-15), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195. a facility that can meet maximum demand, however short in duration that demand might be. Since there are peaks in demand, generating facilities are used at full capacity for only brief periods of time. Much of the time, some generating facilities are not used. Thus, the increased need for electrical-energy generating facilities is a function of increased demand and of the temporal patterning of that demand.In areas where fossil-fuel energy sources are used, peaking necessitates construction of new plants and consequent environmental impact. Demand peaks also result in activation of older, less efficient, and less environmentally safe facilities. In the Seattle area, where hydroelectric energy sources are used, peaking adds to the requirement for construction and raising of dams and, at times, the activation of older fossil-fuel facilities. At present, a local controversy surrounds the utilities' plan to raise a dam and consequently flood some 8000 acres of ...

A study was conducted concerning the frequency of litter deposits in a single experimental trash receptacle located in a high-use, urban park setting. There were four twoweek periods of alternating no-contingency, contingency conditions during which reinforcement and incentive were evaluated. It was found that reinforcement resulted in the highest rates of behavior and improvements in the aesthetic appearance of the area.The control of littering behavior has been the focus of two recent behavior analysis studies: Clark, Burgess, and Hendee (1971) and Burgess, Clark, and Hendee (1972). In the first of these studies, the effectiveness of several different antilitter procedures on the percentage of litter returned to trash containers by children attending a movie matinee was evaluated; offering an incentive of 10 cents for returning a litter bag was found to be the most effective. The second study assessed the effect of an incentive on the number of pieces of "planted" litter that was collected by children who were offered a variety of items.As an extension of the above research, the present study was concerned with evaluating a reinforcement procedure on the behavior of depositing litter in an appropriate trash container in a high-use urban park setting. This research was focused on the effects of a contingency delivered analogous to a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule. To facilitate application of behavior-analysis procedures, the present study spanned a longer period of time than previous work and involved indigenous litter. In addition to frequency measures of litter depositing, an 1The authors wish to thank the student volunteers who contributed so much to the conduct of this research and to Mr.

Issues of wealth and poverty in the Third Gospel and Acts have attracted a great deal of scholarly interest since the rise of redaction criticism. This essay provides a survey of the most important readings of these issues from the mid 1960s to the present. Readings from a variety of critical perspectives (e.g. redaction, social-scientific, literary, and reader response) are considered. The authors examined in detail are

This article analyses how Callimachus was cited in ancient scholarship on Pindar. A survey of references to literary authors in the scholia establishes that commentaries provided only minimal specification of relations between the texts concerned. Despite this, commentaries were important intertextual sites. In providing information that supplements Pindar's texts, citations of Callimachus contribute to the latter's canonical status by treating his poetry as an authoritative source of mythological and historical details. The juxtaposition of the two authors in commentaries also allowed for an exploration of their literary relationship.