Sodium bentonite (NaBent) was modified by poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) to prepare the carriers for immobilization of Bacillus subtilis. Different mixtures of NaBent/AAc were regularly dispersed in distilled water and irradiated under gamma rays at an absorbed dose of 6.5 kGy with dose rate of 0.85 kGy/hr in air for polymerization of acrylic acid and formation of poly(acrylic acid)/sodium bentonite (PAAc–NaBent). The reaction yield was determined with the initial concentration of acrylic acid (AAc). The functional group properties of the resulting PAAc–NaBent were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR). Bacillus subtilis cells were immobilized on both NaBent and PAAc–NaBent as carriers by adsorption method for treating the sludge contaminated by fish feces and residual feed from the Pangasius farming ponds. The results showed that immobilization capacity of Bacillus subtilis on the PAAc–NaBent was better than that on non-modified NaBent. Analysis of BOD for the farming pond water containing Bacillus subtilis and the bacteria immobilized carriers with time revealed the lower BOD values obtained with the samples containing PAAc–NaBent, suggested that degradation of organic pollutants by Bacillus subtilis immobilized on the PAAc–NaBent was faster than that by free bacteria.

Gamma-irradiation effects on graphene oxide (GO) in a monoglyceride/ethanol (MG/EtOH) solution was investigated.  GO was dispersed in MG/EtOH solution (GOM) with the GO: MG ratio of 1:10 (w/w). The prepared GOM was irradiated by g-ray under nitrogen atmosphere in a range of absorbed dose from 0 to 50 kGy. The characteristics and morphology of reduced GOM were analyzed by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results confirmed that the structure of reduced graphene oxide in monoglyceride solution was changed and exfoliated completely after g-ray irradiation at absorbed dose 50 kGy compared with non-irradiation sample.

Vietnamese graphite powder was irradiated by electron beam radiation (EB) at a range of dose from 0 to 120 kGy, then the graphite samples were expanded with a mixture of H2O2:H2SO4 (1,4:20, v/v) incorporating microwave treatment at 700 W for 30 seconds. The characteristic properties of graphite before and after expansion were evaluated by methods of FTIR, Raman, SEM and XRD. Besides the self-assembled of the graphite’s structure after irradiation, the electron beam radiation also facilitated intercalation processing to make expanded graphite, with coefficient of expansion (Kv) 35% higher than that of pristine graphite.

We performed an in-plant calibration of dosimetry system by electron beam (EB)irradiating the B3 film dosimeters at VINAGAMMA, and inter-compared with the alanine dosimetry, which were supplied and analyzed by Risø High Dose Reference Laboratory (HDRL) as the reference standard. The results revealed that the relative deviation between the values of absorbed doses obtained with our dosimeter and the transfer standards dosimeter measured by HDRL was within the acceptable limitation (about ± 3.0 % in the target range of 2.0-10.0 kGy). And post-irradiation stability of B3 film dosimeters was still maintained after 180 days storage. It is suggested that the B3 filmdosimetry could be used in routine radiation processing at VINAGAMMA with the investigated dose range for quality assurance of the irradiated products, specially are foods and foodstuffs processed under the 10 MeV EB accelerator at VINAGAMMA.