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Partition between two immiscible solvents is widely used in sample preparation procedures for matrix simplification and isolation of target analytes, for separations using countercurrent, centrifugal partition, and liquid-liquid chromatography, and as a method for determining descriptors for use in modeling chemical, biological, and environmental processes. Until recently, most applications employed water as one component of the biphasic system. For compounds of low water solubility or stability, a series of totally organic biphasic systems have been developed to enhance the application range of liquid-liquid partition methods. These systems, their characterization using the solvation parameter model, and applications to sample preparation and the determination of descriptors are described in this review.

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Partition coefficients for varied compounds were determined for the organic solvent-propylene carbonate biphasic partition system where the organic solvent is n-heptane, isopentyl ether or 1-octanol. These partition coefficient databases are analyzed using the solvation parameter model facilitating a quantitative comparison of the propylene carbonate-based partition systems with other totally organic partition systems. Propylene carbonate is a weak to intermediate cohesive solvent, reasonably dipolar/polarizable and hydrogen-bond basic, and weak hydrogen-bond acidic. Propylene carbonate-organic solvent systems offer a complementary approach to other totally organic biphasic partition systems for sample preparation and descriptor measurements of compounds virtually insoluble or unstable in water.

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