Most working women find it difficult to get work-family balance because when they are in one domain, the other suffers. Work-family balance will be useful for organization, family, and the individual himself. This research was aimed at finding out factors that influence workfamily balance of working mothers in Semarang, using descriptive qualitative method. The research subject was selected using purposive technique with informant characteristics as follow: working mother, working husband, living together with husband, and having child under 18 years old. Based on the research result, it was revealed that there are six factors influencing work-family balance, either from internal or external factors. Internal factors that influence work-family balance are commitment, understanding towards women’s role, and individual’s character. Meanwhile, external factors that influence work-family balance are social support, either from husband, family, supervisor, or colleagues, the presence of a child, and working autonomy.

This study was aimed to examine if there was effects of thinking positively for enhancing optimism on teenagers living in social institution. The subjects of this study were male and female teenagers who live in a social institution no less than one year, aged 13 to 18 years old, and have at least junior high academic background. The datas were collected using optimism device made by researcher based on McGinnis theory (1995) which consists of 28 items, interviews, and observations. The observer of thinking positively practice used to thinking positively practice manual arranged by the researcher based on cognitive approach technique. The comparison of the optimism score increase in on pre test, post test, and follow up along with the interview datas showed that there was an optimism between subjects who received thinking positively training and those who did not receive.The subjects who received the training had an increased of the optimism score.

The happiness of working mothers greatly affects the well-being of family. The objective of this study is to examine the happiness of working mothers in the stages of family life cycle of having: (a) the first child aged 0-35 month old; (b) the first child at pre-school age; (c) the first child at school age; (d) the first child at adolescent age; and (e) the first child who has married, by controlling the effect of work-family balance. Participants were 526 working mothers with children and a working husband. Data were collected using the Happiness Scale and the Work-Family Balance Scale. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA. The results showed that there were differences in the happiness of working mothers at different stages of family life cycles (F = 2.55; p < .05). Working mothers with the first child at pre-school age had the highest level of happiness, whilst those with the married first child had the lowest level of happiness. The levels of working mothers’ happiness were mostly influenced by the level of work-family balance rather than family life cycle.

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The digital parenting realm raised a charm in exploring unique internet monitoring strategies of middle schoolers' daily lives as an authentic phenomenon of increasing youth cybernaut in Indonesia. This study explores parents' patterns of strategies in monitor their children's online activities. A total of 171 parents involved in this study filled out an open-ended survey, where we analyzed their answers using a combination of six steps of Braun and Clarke's (2006) Thematic Analysis procedure and De Farias et al.'s (2020) logical procedure of similarity with MAXQDA 2020 visual tools. The central theme emerged the internet monitoring strategies: regulation, guidance, trust-space, and direct intervention. From parents' perspective, the effective internet parental monitoring strategy was not only proactive but also reactive, especially when children were directly exposed to the online risks or violated the family media use agreement. Parents were optimizing the benefits of children online activity and minimizing the online risks. Parents were also concerned about the top three vital psycho-social factors: generosity, self-control, and critical-technical skills in mastering the cyberworld. Afterward, parents with children of a specific middle schoolers group tend to talk about strategies of internet parental monitoring.