This paper presents the main findings of a study on health effects of environmental cadmium pollution in China, performed in 1998, i.e. approximately 25 years after the first warnings of such effects were published in Ambio. Forearm bone mineral density (BMD) and renal dysfunction were assessed in population groups exposed to cadmium via rice. Decreased BMD was found in postmenopausal women with elevated urinary cadmium (CdU) or cadmium in blood (CdB) and among men with elevated CdB. Also, clear and statistically significant dose-effect and dose-response relationships were found between CdB or CdU and renal dysfunction (increased excretion of retinol-binding protein). This is the first report of bone effects among Cd-exposed population groups in Asia outside Japan. The report is also of interest since it demonstrates that bone effects, a comparatively severe adverse health effect of Cd, in combination with renal dysfunction, still occurs in environmentally exposed population groups in Asia. Recent reports on bone effects in Cd-exposed population groups in Europe are discussed.

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Background: To evaluate the relationship between long‐term exposure to cotton dust and Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin on lung function, we conducted an 11‐year follow‐up study of cotton textile workers in Shanghai, China. Methods: Workers at a nearby silk‐thread manufacturing mill were used as a referent population. Ninety percent of the original cohort of 445 cotton and 467 silk textile workers — both active and retired — were identified for testing in the 11th year. Questionnaires and spirometric testing were performed, as well as cotton dust and endotoxin sampling at three points over the 11‐year follow‐up period: at baseline, at Year 5, and at Year 11. After excluding deaths and subjects on sick‐leave, 84% of the original cohort had complete health and environmental data. Results: The data were reanalyzed using generalized estimating equations feedback model which allow for subject transfer over time between work areas, various exposure levels to dust and endotoxin, and FEV1. Cotton workers had a larger loss of FEV1 during the first 5 years of study (‐40 mls/yr) as compared with the second 6 years of follow‐up (‐18 mls/yr). During the same periods, the average decline among silk workers was slightly higher in the first period, but was more consistent (‐30 mls/yr vs. ‐27 mls/yr), and these differences could not be explained by worker selection or dropout. When cumulative exposure to dust and endotoxin were estimated and used in a multivariate model (GEE) for FEV1 loss, cumulative dust, but not endotoxin, was associated with 11‐year loss in FEV1 after adjustments for confounders. There was evidence of feedback between dust‐exposure levels and FEV1, indicating the existence of a healthy‐worker survivor effect. After accounting for a healthy‐worker survivor effect, we found a significant relationship between dust exposure and FEV1 decline. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cotton dust is more strongly associated with chronic airflow limitation than associated endotoxins. Further work is needed to clarify potential reversibility after cessation of exposure, and the relative contributions of dust, endotoxin, and tobacco to chronic respiratory impairment in cotton and other vegetable‐exposed workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:321–331, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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