No abstract

Interstellar dust (ISD) from the local interstellar medium (LISM) streams into the solar system from approximately the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. Prior to the return of the NASA Stardust spacecraft (1) no recognizable samples of this interstellar dust were available for laboratory study. Thus, our understanding of the properties of contemporary ISD has been derived primarily from astronomical observations of the ISM, including optical properties of the ISD and remote spectroscopy of the gas composition (2-4), and from in situ measurements by the dust analyzers on the Cassini, Ulysses and Galileo spacecraft (5-7). The canonical picture of ISD is that it is dominated by ~0.2 µm diameter (8) amorphous silicate grains, with or without carbonaceous mantles. However, the inferred properties of the particles, including size distribution, density and composition are heavily model dependent.

Abstract-The Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination team analyzed thirteen Al foils from the NASA Stardust interstellar collector tray in order to locate candidate interstellar dust (ISD) grain impacts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal that the foils possess abundant impact crater and crater-like features. Elemental analyses of the crater features, with Auger electron spectroscopy, SEM-based energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscope-based EDX spectroscopy, demonstrate that the majority are either the result of impacting debris fragments from the spacecraft solar panels, or intrinsic defects in the foil. The elemental analyses also reveal that four craters contain residues of a definite extraterrestrial origin, either as interplanetary dust particles or ISD particles. These four craters are designated level 2 interstellar candidates, based on the crater shapes indicative of hypervelocity impacts and the residue compositions inconsistent with spacecraft debris.

Synchrotron radiation based confocal micro-XRF was employed to unravel the tissue-specific three-dimensional (3D) distribution of metals down to trace concentration levels in a non-destructive manner within the crustacean Daphnia magna, an ecotoxicological model organism. Next to the analytical characterization of the employed confocal micro-XRF set-up, specific areas of metal accumulation in different cross-sections of interest within the organism were investigated. The use of a fast dynamic (continuous) scanning approach delivered 3D information on major, minor and trace element distributions in specific sub-regions within Daphnia magna. Coupling the obtained elemental information with microscopic morphological data obtained by laboratory absorption microtomography, full 3D element-to-tissue correlation could be derived, allowing a more detailed interpretation of the obtained results with respect to metal accumulation within this model organism.

We report the quantitative characterization by synchrotron soft X-ray spectroscopy of 31 potential impact features in the aerogel capture medium of the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Samples were analyzed in aerogel by acquiring high spatial resolution maps and high energy-resolution spectra of major rock-forming elements Mg, Al, Si, Fe, and others. We developed diagnostic screening tests to reject spacecraft secondary ejecta and terrestrial contaminants from further consideration as interstellar dust candidates. The results support an extraterrestrial origin for three interstellar candidates: I1043,1,30 (Orion) is a 3 pg particle with Mg-spinel, forsterite, and an iron-bearing phase. I1047,1,34 (Hylabrook) is a 4 pg particle comprising an olivine core surrounded by low-density, amorphous Mg-silicate and amorphous Fe, Cr, and Mn phases. I1003,1,40 (Sorok) has the track morphology of a high-speed impact, but contains no detectable residue that is convincingly distinguishable from the background aerogel. Twenty-two samples with an anthropogenic origin were rejected, including four secondary ejecta from impacts on the Stardust spacecraft aft solar panels, nine ejecta from secondary impacts on the Stardust Sample Return Capsule, and nine contaminants lacking evidence of an impact. Other samples in the collection included I1029,1,6, which contained surviving solar system impactor material. Four samples remained ambiguous: I1006,2,18, I1044,2,32, and I1092,2,38 were too dense for analysis, and we did not detect an intact projectile in I1044,3,33. We detected no radiation effects from the synchrotron soft X-ray analyses; however, we recorded the effects of synchrotron hard X-ray radiation on I1043,1,30 and I1047,1,34