This is a repository copy of Ten people-centered rules for socially sustainable ecosystem restoration.
Landscape governance refers to the combination of rules and decision-making processes of civic, private, and public actors with stakes in the landscape, that together shape the future of that landscape. As part of the Green Livelihoods Alliance, a program that supports civil society organizations (CSOs) to strengthen the governance of tropical forested landscapes, we developed and implemented a method that facilitates stakeholders to assess the status of governance in their own landscape and to identify options for improvement. In this article, we aim to reflect on landscape governance, based on our work within the Green Livelihoods Alliance. We present the method, summarize the results of its implementation, and draw practical lessons regarding the role of CSOs to improve landscape governance. We conducted workshops with stakeholders in 17 forested landscapes across 10 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. During each workshop, participants scored and discussed a set of governance indicators, developed a common vision for landscape governance, and identified the practical steps that would need to be taken to achieve that vision. Analyzing the results from the workshops, we found that landscape stakeholders tend to perceive that: opportunities to influence decision-making are unequal; integrated landscape planning efforts remain noncommittal; and implementation and enforcement of regulations is weak. To improve governance in the future, it is common to call for the development of multi-stakeholder processes, to allow different actors to discuss, negotiate, and develop collaborative action to address landscape-level challenges. CSOs can support such processes, by helping to develop a shared understanding of landscape governance, differences in interests, and possibilities for collaborative action. CSOs can also help stakeholders to develop multi-stakeholder procedures, and build trust and capacity among stakeholders to take an active role in such processes.
In recent decades, Vietnam has embarked on several ambitious projects, including restoration of coastal mangroves and the expansion of national forest cover through large-scale tree planting efforts. Much of the work is being carried out by individual households, who now likely control a majority of planted productive forest land. Yet despite the strong role for smallholders, questions have been raised about the social benefits of their participation, and insufficient attention has been paid to whether these programs are truly aimed at restoration or more narrowly at plantation development only. This paper assesses several of Vietnam's recent tree-planting projects against the Society for Ecological Restoration's standards, particularly around social benefits, and concludes that Vietnam is failing on most measures, ranging from stakeholder engagement to natural capital benefits. Overall, smallholders mostly view the tree planting projects in terms of financial benefits from short rotation cycles for pulp and woodchip mills, which offer low value, few social benefits, and little ecological restoration potential. The paper argues that Vietnam would benefit from more engaged restoration activities that pay attention to social benefits for smallholders, ensuring more long-term sustainability for both people and forests.
Tổng quan: Thiếu máu đại tràng là một biến chứng ít gặp nhưng rất nguy hiểm trong phẫu thuật thay đoạn động mạch chủ bụng. Các yếu tố nguy cơ biến chứng gồm có: tuổi cao, suy thận trước mổ, phồng động mạch chủ bụng vỡ, thời gian mổ kéo dài, không tái lập tuần hoàn động mạch chậu trong. Chẩn đoán sớm bằng soi đại tràng. Điều trị bằng phẫu thuật cắt đoạn đại tràng nếu còn chỉ định với tiên lượng nặng. Tỷ lệ tử vong cao do viêm phúc mạc và sốc nhiễm trùng. Can thiệp nội động mạch chủ bằng stentgraft có tỉ lệ gặp biến chứng này thấp hơn. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: dựa trên một ca lâm sàng tại bệnh viện Hữu nghị Việt Đức và nhìn lại y văn, báo cáo nhằm mô tả các yếu tố nguy cơ, các phương pháp chẩn đoán sớm và giải pháp điều trị đối với loại biến chứng nặng nề này. Trường hợp lâm sàng: Bệnh nhân nam - 81 tuổi, tiền sử tăng huyết áp và nhiều yếu tố nguy cơ khác, được phẫu thuật thay đoạn động mạch chủ bụng – chậu do phồng động mạch, dấu hiệu biến chứng hoại tử đại tràng trái xuất hiện rõ vào ngày thứ 4 sau phẫu thuật, được điều trị thành công bằng phẫu thuật cắt đoạn đại tràng cấp cứu. Kết luận: Các yếu tố nguy cơ thiếu máu đại tràng sau phẫu thuật thay đoạn động mạch chủ bụng rất đa dạng. Chẩn đoán sớm khó khăn, tốt nhất bằng soi đại tràng. Phẫu thuật cắt đoạn đại tràng nếu còn chỉ định với tiên lượng nặng, tỉ lệ tử vong cao. Can thiệp nội mạch có thể làm giảm tỉ lệ biến chứng.
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