Identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens that are known as the highest polymorphic genes has become a valuable tool for tissue transplantation, platelet transfusion, disease susceptibility or resistance, and forensic and anthropological studies. In the present study, the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 were studied in 237 unrelated healthy Western Javanese (Indonesia) by the high-resolution polymerase chain reaction-Luminex method. A total of 18 A, 40 B, and 20 DRB1 alleles were identified. The most frequent HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 alleles were HLA-A*2407 (21.6%), HLA-B*1502 (11.6%) and HLA-B*1513 (11.2%), and DRB1*1202 (37.8%), respectively. The most frequent two-locus haplotypes were HLA-A*2407-B*3505 (7%) and HLA-B*1513-DRB1*1202 (9.2%), and three-locus haplotypes were HLA-A*3401-B*1521-DRB1*150201 (4.6%), HLA-A*2407-B*3505-DRB1*1202 (4.3%), and HLA-A*330301-B*440302-DRB1*070101 (4.2%). HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in addition to phylogenetic tree and principal component analyses based on the four-digit sequence-level allele frequencies for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 showed that Western Javanese (Indonesia) was closest to Southeast Asian populations.

Polymorphisms of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) are reportedly associated with the risk of drug toxicities and development of various diseases. The present study examined NAT2 polymorphisms in both promoter and coding regions in the Indonesian population using PCR direct sequencing. The promoter and coding regions of NAT2 displayed 23 polymorphisms/variations, including eight new ones. Seven haplotypes in the promoter region and six haplotypes in the coding region were inferred. The haplotypes in promoter and coding regions showed limited combinations, and 13 combined haplotypes were inferred. The most frequent haplotypes were U1 (38.9%), U2 (33.5%) in the promoter region and NAT2*4 (37.3%), NAT2*6A (36.8%) in the coding region. When converted to predicted phenotypes, the studied population comprised 65.4% rapid acetylators and 35.6% slow acetylators according to bimodal distribution. According to trimodal distribution, frequencies of predicted phenotypes were 13.6, 50.8 and 35.6% for rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators, respectively. Frequencies of NAT2 alleles for the Indonesian population resembled those of other Southeast Asian populations. We also propose a new NAT2

Objective: To examine the IFN-γ levels in patients with periodontitis and determine the difference in the levels of IFN-γ with the severity of the disease. Material and Methods: The study design was cross-sectional, and the sample consisted of 31 patients, aged between 18 and 64 years. Plaque index (PlI), calculus index (CI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were measured. Pocket depth (PD), recession, and clinical attachment loss (CAL) (mm) were measured at six sites per teeth. For mild/moderate periodontitis, pocket depth ≥4 mm in 1-3 sites was required, while the essential criteria for severe periodontitis were pocket depth ≥5 mm, clinical attachment loss >3 mm in more than 3 sites ≥2 quadrants. The IFN-γ levels were measured by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples. The measurements were made in two different sites, and the severity of periodontitis was categorized based on the pocket depth, attachment loss, and the remaining natural teeth. Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were. Results: The levels of IFN-γ (pg/mL) were correlated with the severity of the periodontal status, with p <0.05. Clinical parameters of periodontitis also correlated with the level of IFN-γ (pg/mL). Conclusion: Subjects with periodontitis presented greater levels of IFN-γ (pg/mL) in GCF than the periodontal healthy individuals. This result showed the role of IFN-γ in the inflammation.

Kata kunci:kesehatan reproduksi; perilaku seks; seks pranikah ABSTRAK Perilaku seks pranikah merupakan permasalahan dan fenomena sosial yang semakin lazim dijumpai dalam masyarakat. Masalah perilaku seks pranikah pada usia muda harus menjadi perhatian utama untuk mengurangi tingkat kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, penyakit menular seksual, penyebab putus sekolah, aborsi, dan kematian. Salah satu upaya mencegah perilaku seks pranikah pada siswa di sekolah adalah dengan metode pembekalan pengetahuan tentang perilaku seks, kesehatan reproduksi, pemahaman agama, dan hukum pernikahan dini. Indikator evaluasi menggunakan data kuesioner pre-testdan posttest yang dianalisis dengan uji t berpasangan dan uji regresi. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa setelah penyuluhan, pengetahuan para siswa SMP tentang perilaku seks, kesehatan reproduksi, dan pengetahuan agama meningkat secara bermakna (p<0.05). Adapun pada siswa-siswa SMA, pengetahuan agama dan hukum perkawinan dini juga meningkat secara bermakna.ABSTRACT The premarital sex behavior is a problem and social phenomenon that is increasingly prevalent in society. At a young age, the premarital sex should be a major concern to reduce pregnancy rates unintended, sexually transmitted diseases, school drop out, abortion and even a death. One effort to prevent the premarital sex behavior for students in schools with methods of providing knowledge about sexual behavior, reproductive health, an understanding of religious and the early marriage law. Evaluation of indicators usingpre test and post test data that are analyzed with paired t and regression test. The results show that after counseling, the knowledge of junior high school students about sexual behavior, reproductive health and religious knowledge increased significantly (p <0.05), while high school students of religious knowledge and early marriage law increased significantly.

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